Examples of Italian
Example | Verb meaning | Example of... | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
(1) Marco mangiò la torta. Marco Mark mangi-ò eat-PST.3SG la ART.DEF.F.SG tort-a cake-F.SG ‘Mark ate the cake.’ |
★ | EAT |
a Coding frame:
1 > V.subj[1] > 2 |
1 |
(2) Marco mangia (molto). Marco Mark mangi-a eat-PRS.3SG molto a_lot ‘Mark eats a lot.’ |
★ | EAT |
an Alternation:
Object Omission |
2 |
(3) Gli spaghetti furono mangiati da tutti. gli ART.DEF.M.PL spaghett-i spaghetti-M.PL fu-rono be.PST-3PL mangia-t-i eat-PP-M.PL da by tutt-i all-M.PL ‘The spaghetti was eaten by everyone.’ |
★ | EAT |
an Alternation:
Passive |
3 |
(4) Marco taglia il pane con un coltello affilato. Marco Mark tagli-a cut-PRS.3SG il ART.DEF.M.SG pan-e bread-M.SG con with un ART.INDF.M coltell-o knife-M.SG affilat-o sharp-M.SG ‘Mark is cutting the bread with a sharp knife.’ |
★ | CUT |
a Coding frame:
1 > V.subj[1] > 2 (con+3) |
4 |
(5) Il coltello non taglia bene. il ART.DEF.M.SG coltell-o knife-M.SG non NEG tagli-a cut-PRS.3SG bene ADV ‘The knife doesn't cut well.’ |
★ | CUT |
an Alternation:
Oblique Subject |
5 |
(6) A Mario piacciono le equazioni. a to Mario Mario piaccio-no like.PRS-3PL le ART.DEF.F.PL equazion-i equation-F.PL ‘Mario likes equations.’ |
★ | LIKE |
a Coding frame:
a+1 > V.subj[2] > 2 |
6 |
(7) L'insegnante fa piacere la matematica agli studenti. l'=insegnant-e ART.DEF.M/F.SG=teacher-M/F.SG fa make.PRS.3SG piace-re like-INF la ART.DEF.F.SG matematic-a maths-F.SG a-gli to-ART.DEF.M.PL student-i student-M.PL ‘The teacher gets the students to like Maths.’ |
★ | LIKE |
an Alternation:
Causative |
7 |
(8) Il masso rotolò fino a fondovalle. il ART.DEF.M.SG mass-o rock-M.SG rotol-ò roll-PST.3SG a to fondovall-e downhill-F.SG ‘The rock rolled all the way down to the bottom of the valley.’ |
★ | ROLL (tr) |
an Alternation:
Anticausative (uncoded) |
8 |
(9) Anna e Luca si sono piaciuti subito. Anna Anne e and Luca Luke si REFL sono be.PRS.3PL piaci-ut-i like-PP-M.PL subito immediately ‘Anne and Luke immediatly liked each other.’ |
★ | LIKE |
an Alternation:
Direct Reciprocal Reflexive |
9 |
(10) Quell'impresa costruisce in Sicilia, non nel Lazio. quell'=impres-a that.F.SG=firm-F.SG costruisc-e build-PRS.3SG in in Sicilia Sicily non NEG ne-l in-ART.DEF.M.SG Lazio Latium ‘That firm builds in Sicily, not in Latium.’ |
★ | BUILD |
an Alternation:
Object Omission |
10 |
(11) Il pesce in Giappone viene mangiato crudo. il ART.DEF.M.SG pesc-e fish-M.SG in in Giappone Japan viene be.PRS.3SG mangia-t-o eat-PP-M.SG crud-o raw-M.SG ‘Fish is eaten raw in Japan.’ |
★ | EAT |
an Alternation:
Passive |
11 |
(12) Il gatto si è mangiato tutto il filetto. il ART.DEF.M.SG gatt-o cat-M.SG si REFL è be.PRS.3SG mangia-t-o eat-PP-M.SG tutt-o all-M.SG il ART.DEF.M.SG filett-o fillet-M.SG ‘The cat has eaten the whole fillet.’ |
★ | EAT |
an Alternation:
Indirect/Dative Reflexive |
12 |
(13) Non si piaceva e perciò non si è guardata allo specchio. non NEG si REFL piace-v-a like-IMPF-3SG e and perciò therefore non NEG si REFL è be.PRS.3SG guarda-t-a look-PP-F.SG a-llo to-ART.DEF.M.SG specchi-o mirror-M.SG ‘She didn’t like herself and that’s why she didn’t look at herself in the mirror.’ |
★ | LIKE |
an Alternation:
Indirect/Dative Reflexive |
13 |
(14) La ditta ha costruito le case di legno. la ART.DEF.F.SG ditt-a firm-F.SG ha have.PRS.3SG costrui-t-o build-PP-M.SG le ART.DEF.F.PL cas-e house-F.SG di of legn-o wood-M.SG ‘The firm has built houses out of wood.’ |
★ | BUILD |
a Coding frame:
1 > V.subj[1] > 2 (di+3) |
14 |
(15) Si costruisce prima la scala e poi il solaio. si REFL costrui-sc-e build-PRS-3SG prima before la ART.DEF.F.SG scal-a stairs-F.SG e and poi then il ART.DEF.M.SG solai-o loft-M.SG ‘First one builds/we/they (indef.) build the stairs and then the roof.’ |
★ | BUILD |
an Alternation:
Impersonal Reflexive |
15 |
(16) Il primo teatro venne costruito da Pompeo. il ART.DEF.M.SG prim-o first-M.SG teatr-o theatre-M.SG venn-e come.PST-3SG costrui-t-o build-PP-M.SG da by Pompeo Pompeo ‘The first theatre was built by Pompeus.’ |
★ | BUILD |
an Alternation:
Passive |
16 |
(17) I camion vanno caricati sui treni. i ART.DEF.M.SG camion camion van-no go.PRS-3PL carica-t-i load-PP-M.PL su-i onto-ART.DEF.M.PL tren-i train-M.PL ‘The trucks are to be loaded onto the trains.’ |
★ | LOAD |
an Alternation:
Passive |
17 |
(18) I venditori caricano la loro macchina di giornali e libri. i ART.DEF.M.PL venditor-i seller-M.PL carica-no load.PRS-3PL la ART.DEF.F.SG loro their macchin-a car-F.SG di of giornal-i newspaper-M.PL e and libr-i book-M.PL ‘The sellers load newspapers and books onto their car.’ |
★ | LOAD |
an Alternation:
Locative Alternation |
18 |
(19) Le valigie sono state caricate dai facchini sul treno. le ART.DEF.F.PL valigi-e suitcase-F.PL sono be.PRS.3PL stat-e be.PP-F.PL carica-t-e load-PP-F.PL da-i by-M.PL facchin-i porter-M.PL su-l onto-ART.DEF.M.SG tren-o train-M.SG ‘The suitcases have been loaded onto the train by the porters.’ |
★ | LOAD | the Verb form caricare | 19 |
(20) Generalmente si caric-a la macchina la sera prima della partenza. general-mente general-ADV si REFL caric-a load-PRS.3SG la ART.DEF.F.SG macchin-a car-F.SG la ART.DEF.F.SG ser-a night-F.SG prima before de-lla of-ART.DEF.F.SG partenz-a leaving-F.SG ‘Usually, one loads/we/they (indef.) load the car the night before leaving / Generally cars are loaded the night before leaving.’ |
★ | LOAD |
an Alternation:
Impersonal Reflexive |
20 |
(21) I venditori caricano i giornali e i libri sulla loro macchina. i ART.DEF.M.PL venditor-i seller-M.PL carica-no load-PRS.3PL i ART.DEF.M.PL giornal-i newspaper-M.PL e and i ART.DEF.M.PL libr-i book-M.PL su-lla on-ART.DEF.F.SG loro their macchin-a car-F.SG ‘The sellers load the newspapers and the books into their car.’ |
★ | LOAD |
a Coding frame:
1 > V.subj[1] > 2 (su+3) |
21 |
(22) Abramo si caricò di un po' di legna. Abramo Abraham si REFL caric-ò load-PST.3SG di of un ART.INDF.M po' some di of legn-a wood-F.SG ‘Abraham loaded himself up with some wood.’ |
★ | LOAD |
an Alternation:
Indirect/Dative Reflexive |
22 |
(23) Il luogo si carica di significati simbolici. il ART.DEF.M.SG luog-o place-M.SG si REFL caric-a load-PRS.3SG di of significat-i meaning-M.PL simbolic-i symbolic-M.PL ‘The place is being pervaded by symbolic meanings.’ |
★ | LOAD |
an Alternation:
Anticausative (coded) |
23 |
(24) Ci si abbraccia frequentemente in pubblico. ci IMP si REFL abbracci-a hug-PRS.3SG frequente-mente frequent-ADV in in pubblico public ‘We/They (indef.) often hug each other in public.’ |
★ | HUG |
an Alternation:
Impersonal of Reflexives |
24 |
(25) Il treno è stato caricato di valigie dai facchini. il ART.DEF.M.SG tren-o train-M.SG è be.PRS.3SG stat-o be.PP-M.SG carica-t-o load-PP-M.SG di of valigi-e suitcase-F.PL da-i by-ART.DEF.M.PL facchin-i porter-M.PL. ‘The train has been loaded with suitcases by the porters.’ |
★ | LOAD |
an Alternation:
Passive |
25 |
(26) La torta è stata tagliata dagli sposi. la ART.DEF.F.SG tort-a cake-F.SG è be.PRS.3SG stat-a be.PP-F.SG taglia-t-a cut-PP-F.SG da-gli by-ART.DEF.M.PL spos-i married-M.PL ‘The cake has been cut by the bride and the bridegroom.’ |
★ | CUT |
an Alternation:
Passive |
26 |
(27) Il pesce in Giappone si mangia crudo. il ART.DEF.M.SG pesc-e fish-M.SG in in Giappone Japan si REFL mangi-a eat-PRS.3SG crud-o raw-M.SG ‘Fish in Japan is eaten raw.’ |
★ | EAT |
an Alternation:
Reflexive Passive |
27 |
(28) Ero pronto a rotolare fusti d'olio. er-o be.IMPF-1SG pront-o ready-M.SG a to rotola-re roll-INF fust-i barrel-M.PL d' of oli-o oil-M.SG ‘I was ready to roll oil barrels.’ |
★ | ROLL (tr) |
a Coding frame:
1 > V.subj[1] > 2 |
28 |
(29) Ci si bruciò. ci OBL.1PL si REFL bruci-ò burn-PST.3SG ‘We got burnt.’ |
★ | BURN (tr) |
an Alternation:
Impersonal of Reflexives |
29 |
(30) Una grossa pietra è rotolata fino a fondovalle. un-a ART.INDF-F.SG gross-a big-F.SG pietr-a stone-F.SG è be.PRS.3SG rotola-t-a roll-PP-F.SG fino till a to fondovall-e downhill-M.SG ‘A big stone rolled all the way down to the bottom of the valley.’ |
★ | ROLL (tr) |
an Alternation:
Anticausative (uncoded) |
30 |
(31) Una grossa pietra ha rotolato nel bosco. un-a ART.INDF-F.SG gross-a big-F.SG pietr-a rock-F.SG ha have.PRS.3SG rotola-t-o roll-PP-M.SG ne-l in-ART.DEF.M.SG bosc-o wood-M.SG ‘A big rock has rolled in the wood.’ |
★ | ROLL (tr) |
an Alternation:
Anticausative (uncoded) |
31 |
(32) Ci si vede spesso d'estate. ci IMP si REFL ved-e see-PRS.3SG spesso often d'=estat-e of=summer-F.SG ‘We often meet each other in the summer.’ |
★ | SEE |
an Alternation:
Impersonal of Reflexives |
32 |
(33) Non vedo bene di notte. non NEG ved-o see-PRS.1SG bene well di by nott-e night-F.SG ‘I don't see well at night.’ |
★ | SEE |
an Alternation:
Object Omission |
33 |
(34) Ho visto quelle pagine. ho have.PRS.1SG vist-o see.PP-M.SG quell-e that-F.PL pagin-e page-F.PL ‘I have seen those pages.’ |
★ | SEE |
a Coding frame:
1 > V.subj[1] > 2 |
34 |
(35) Stasera la luna si vede chiaramente. stasera tonight la ART.DEF.F.SG lun-a moon-F.SG si REFL ved-e see-PRS.3SG chiara-mente clear-ADV ‘Tonight the Moon can be seen clearly.’ |
★ | SEE |
an Alternation:
Reflexive Passive |
35 |
(36) Si vede chiaramente che la sinistra ha molti problemi. si REFL ved-e see-PRS.3SG chiara-mente clear-ADV che COMPL la ART.DEF.F.SG sinistr-a left-F.SG ha have.PRS.3SG molt-i many-M.PL problem-i problem-M.PL ‘One/We/They (indef.) can clearly see that the left wing party has a lot of problems.’ |
★ | SEE |
an Alternation:
Impersonal Reflexive |
36 |
(37) Il progresso non è visto come uno strumento per migliorare la qualità della vita. il ART.DEF.M.SG progress-o progress-M.SG non NEG è be.PRS.3SG vist-o see.PP-M.SG come as un-o ART.INDF-M.SG strument-o instrument-M.SG per for migliora-re improve-INF la ART.DEF.F.SG qualità quality.F.SG de-lla of-ART.DEF.F.SG vit-a life-F.SG ‘Progress is not seen as a means of improving the quality of life.’ |
★ | SEE |
an Alternation:
Passive |
37 |
(38) Si gioca a carte tutta la notte. si REFL gioc-a play-PRS.3SG a to cart-e card-F.PL tutt-a all-F.SG la ART.DEF.F.SG nott-e night-F.SG ‘One plays cards/We/They (indef.) play cards all night.’ |
★ | PLAY |
an Alternation:
Impersonal Reflexive |
38 |
(39) Il lavoratore italiano viene visto il più delle volte come un peso. il ART.DEF.M.SG lavorator-e worker-M.SG italian-o italian-M.SG vien-e come-PRS.3SG vist-o see.PP-M.SG il ART.DEF.M.SG più more de-lle of-ART.DEF.F.PL volt-e time-F.PL come as un ART.INDF.M pes-o burden-M.SG ‘Italian workers are seen as a burden most of the time.’ |
★ | SEE |
an Alternation:
Passive |
39 |
(40) I fiaschi non ci spaventano. i ART.DEF.M.PL fiasch-i failure-M.PL non NEG ci OBJ.1PL spaventa-no frighten.PRS-3PL ‘Fiascos don't frighten us.’ |
★ | FRIGHTEN | the Verb form spaventare | 40 |
(41) Mario spaventa per la sua magrezza. Mario Mario spavent-a frighten-PRS.3SG per for la ART.DEF.F.SG su-a his-F.SG magrezz-a skinniness-F.SG ‘Mario frightens everybody because of his skinniness.’ |
★ | FRIGHTEN |
an Alternation:
Object Omission |
41 |
(42) Gregorio si è spaventato della sua ombra. Gregorio Gregory si REFL è be.PRS.3SG spaventa-t-o frighten-PP-M.SG de-lla of-ART.DEF.F.SG su-a his-F.SG ombr-a shadow-F.SG ‘Gregory was frightened of his shadow.’ |
★ | FRIGHTEN |
an Alternation:
Middle Reflexive |
42 |
(43) Il professore è spaventato da questo grido di allarme. il ART.DEF.M.SG professor-e professor-M.SG è be.PRS.3SG spaventa-t-o frighten-PP-M.SG da by quest-o this-M.SG grid-o cry-M.SG di of allarm-e alarm-M.SG ‘The professor is frightened by this cry of alarm.’ |
★ | FRIGHTEN |
an Alternation:
Passive |
43 |
(44) Mario ha spaventato Laura di proposito. Mario Mario ha have.PRS.3SG spaventa-t-o frighten-PP-M.SG Laura Laura di of proposit-o purpose-M.SG ‘Mario has frightened Laura on purpose.’ |
★ | FRIGHTEN |
a Coding frame:
1 > V.subj[1] > 2 |
44 |
(45) Quei due si spaventano intenzionalmente ogni volta che ne hanno l'occasione. que-i that-M.PL due two si REFL spaventa-no frighten.PRS-3PL intenzional-mente on.purpose-ADV ogni every volt-a time-F.SG che COMPL ne of hanno have.PRS.3PL l' ART.DEF.M.SG occasion-e chance-F.SG ‘Those two (men) frighten each other whenever they get the chance.’ |
★ | FRIGHTEN |
an Alternation:
Direct Reciprocal Reflexive |
45 |
(46) Mario fece spaventare i ragazzi da Luca. Mario Mario fec-e make.PST-3SG spaventa-re frighten-INF i ART.DEF.M.PL ragazz-i boy-M.PL da by Luca Luke ‘Mario made Luke frighten the boys.’ |
★ | FRIGHTEN | the Verb form spaventare | 46 |
(47) La carne bruciò in pochi minuti. la ART.DEF.F.SG carn-e meat-F.SG bruci-ò burn-PST.3SG in in poch-i few-M.PL minut-i minute-M.PL ‘The meat burnt in a few minutes.’ |
★ | BURN (tr) |
an Alternation:
Anticausative (uncoded) |
47 |
(48) La carne si bruciò in pochi minuti. la ART.DEF.F.SG carn-e meat-F.SG si REFL bruci-ò burn-PST.3SG in in poch-i few-M.PL minut-i minute-M.PL ‘The meat burnt in a few minutes.’ |
★ | BURN (tr) |
an Alternation:
Anticausative (coded) |
48 |
(49) I rifiuti si bruciano in questo capannone. i ART.DEF.M.PL rifiut-i rubbish-M.PL si REFL brucia-no burn-PRS.3PL in in quest-o this-M.SG capannon-e shed-M.SG ‘Rubbish is burnt in this shed.’ |
★ | BURN (tr) |
an Alternation:
Reflexive Passive |
49 |
(50) Tu bruciavi tutta quella cartaccia. tu you brucia-v-i burn-IMPF-2SG tutt-a all-F.SG quell-a that-F.SG cartacci-a waste_paper-F.SG ‘You were burning all that waste paper.’ |
★ | BURN (tr) |
a Coding frame:
1 > V.subj[1] > 2 (con+3) |
50 |
(51) Durante il matrimonio viene bruciato incenso. durante during il ART.DEF.M.SG matrimoni-o wedding-M.SG vien-e come-PRS.3SG brucia-t-o burn-PP-M.SG incens-o incense-M.SG ‘Incense is usually burnt during the wedding.’ |
★ | BURN (tr) |
an Alternation:
Passive |
51 |
(52) Il cassonetto è stato bruciato dai manifestanti. il ART.DEF.M.SG cassonett-o bin-M.SG è be.PRS.3SG stat-o be.PP-M.SG brucia-t-o burn-PP-M.SG da-i by-ART.DEF.M.PL manifestant-i demonstrator-M.PL ‘The bin was burnt by the demonstrators.’ |
★ | BURN (tr) |
an Alternation:
Passive |
52 |
(53) Si bruciano troppi rifiuti. si REFL brucia-no burn.PRS-3PL tropp-i too_much-M.PL rifiut-i rubbish-M.PL ‘Too much rubbish is burnt/One burns/We/They (indef.) burn too much rubbish.’ |
★ | BURN (tr) |
an Alternation:
Impersonal Reflexive |
53 |
(54) Qui si brucia dal caldo. qui here si REFL bruci-a burn-PRS.3SG da-l from-ART.DEF.M.SG cald-o hot-M.SG ‘One burns /We/You/They (indef.) burn because of the heat.’ |
★ | BURN (tr) |
an Alternation:
Impersonal Reflexive |
54 |
(55) Il capitano ha affondato la nave con le cannonate. il ART.DEF.M.SG capitan-o captain-M.SG ha have.PRS.3SG affonda-t-o sink-PP-M.SG la ART.DEF.F.SG nav-e ship-F.SG con with le ART.DEF.F.PL cannonat-e cannon_shot-F.PL ‘The captain sank the ship by cannonfire.’ |
★ | SINK (tr) |
a Coding frame:
1 > V.subj[1] > 2 (con+3) |
55 |
(56) La nave è affondata. la ART.DEF.F.SG nav-e ship-F.SG è be.PRS.3SG affonda-t-a sink-PP-F.SG ‘The ship has sunk.’ |
★ | SINK (tr) |
an Alternation:
Anticausative (uncoded) |
56 |
(57) Si affonda il piede sull'acceleratore troppo facilmente. si REFL affond-a sink-PRS.3SG il ART.DEF.M.SG pied-e foot-M.SG sull'accelerator-e accelerator-M.SG troppo too facil-mente easy-ADV ‘One puts one’s foot /We/You/They (indef.) put our/your/their foot down on the accelerator all too easily.’ |
★ | SINK (tr) |
an Alternation:
Impersonal Reflexive |
57 |
(58) Una tempesta fa affondare la nave. un-a ART.INDF-F.SG tempest-a storm-F.SG fa make.PRS.3SG affonda-re sink-INF la ART.DEF.F.SG nav-e ship-F.SG ‘A storm is sinking the ship.’ |
★ | SINK (tr) | the Verb form affondare | 58 |
(59) Ha ucciso ripetutamente, ecco perché è in carcere. ha have.PRS.3SG uccis-o kill.PP-M.SG ripetuta-mente repeated-ADV ecco here_is perché why è be.PRS.3SG in in carcer-e prison-M.SG ‘He has killed repeatedly, that’s why he’s in prison.’ |
★ | KILL |
an Alternation:
Object Omission |
59 |
(60) Il fumo uccide. il ART.DEF.M.SG fum-o smoke-M.SG uccid-e kill-PRS.3SG ‘Smoking kills.’ |
★ | KILL |
an Alternation:
Object Omission |
60 |
(61) Ai nostri giorni si uccide per futili motivi. a-i to-ART.DEF.M.PL giorn-i day-M.PL nostr-i our-M.PL si REFL uccid-e kill-PRS.3SG per for futil-i trivial-M.PL motiv-i reason-M.PL ‘Nowadays one kills/we/they (indef.) kill for futile reasons.’ |
★ | KILL |
an Alternation:
Impersonal Reflexive |
61 |
(62) I due testimoni saranno uccisi. i ART.DEF.M.PL due two testimon-i witness-M.PL sar-anno be.FUT-3PL uccis-i kill.PP-M.PL ‘The two witnesses will be killed.’ |
★ | KILL |
an Alternation:
Passive |
62 |
(63) La giovane si è uccisa. la ART.DEF.F.SG giovan-e young-F.SG si REFL è be.PRS.3SG uccis-a kill.PP-F.SG ‘The young lady killed herself.’ |
★ | KILL |
an Alternation:
Direct Reflexive |
63 |
(64) L'uomo ha ucciso la vittima con una pistola. l'=uom-o ART.DEF.M.SG=man-M.SG ha have.PRS.3SG uccis-o kill.PP-M.SG la ART.DEF.F.SG vittim-a victim-F.SG con with un-a ART.INDF-F.SG pistol-a gun-F.SG ‘The man killed his victim with a gunshot.’ |
★ | KILL |
a Coding frame:
1 > V.subj[1] > 2 (con+3) |
64 |
(65) Giochiamo a carte la domenica. gioch-iamo play-PRS.1PL a to cart-e card-F.PL la ART.DEF.F.SG domenic-a sunday-F.SG ‘We play cards on Sunday.’ |
★ | PLAY | the Verb form giocare | 65 |
(66) L'omicida ha assassinato la vittima con una corda. l'=omicida ART.DEF.M.SG=killer.M.SG ha have.PRS.3SG assassina-t-o kill-PP-M.SG la ART.DEF.F.SG vittim-a victim-F.SG con with un-a ART.INDF-F.SG cord-a rope-F.SG ‘The killer killed his victim with a rope.’ |
★ | ASSASSINATE |
a Coding frame:
1 > V.subj[1] > 2 (con+3) |
66 |
(67) L'automobilista ha ucciso il gatto involontariamente. l'=automobilist-a ART.DEF.M.SG=driver-M.SG ha have.PRS.3SG uccis-o kill.PP-M.SG il ART.DEF.M.SG gatt-o cat-M.SG in-volontaria-mente not-deliberate-ADV ‘The driver killed the cat accidentally.’ |
★ | KILL | the Verb form uccidere | 67 |
(68) L'uomo ha fatto assassinare il suo nemico da un sicario. l'=uom-o ART.DEF.M.SG=man-M.SG ha have.PRS.3SG fatt-o make.PP-M.SG assassina-re kill-INF il ART.DEF.M.SG su-o his-M.SG nemic-o enemy-M.SG da by un ART.INDF.M sicari-o killer-M.SG ‘The man had his enemy murdered by an assassin.’ |
★ | ASSASSINATE | the Verb form assassinare | 68 |
(69) L'uomo ha fatto uccidere il suo nemico da un sicario. l'=uom-o ART.DEF.M.SG=man-M.SG ha have.PRS.3SG fatt-o make.PP-M.SG uccide-re kill-INF il ART.DEF.M.SG su-o his-M.SG nemic-o enemy-M.SG da by un ART.INDF.M sicari-o killer-M.SG ‘The man had his enemy killed by an assassin.’ |
★ | KILL | the Verb form uccidere | 69 |
(70) Il giornalista è stato assassinato da due individui. il ART.DEF.M.SG giornalist-a journalist-M.SG è be.PRS.3SG stat-o be.PP-M.SG assassina-t-o kill-PP-M.SG da by due two individu-i guy-M.PL ‘The journalist was murdered by two unidentified men.’ |
★ | ASSASSINATE |
an Alternation:
Passive |
70 |
(71) Il bicchiere si ruppe subito. il ART.DEF.M.SG bicchier-e glass-M.SG si REFL rupp-e break.PST-3SG subito immediately ‘The glass broke immediately.’ |
★ | BREAK |
an Alternation:
Anticausative (coded) |
71 |
(72) Il mio rapporto di fiducia si è rotto. il ART.DEF.M.SG mi-o my-M.SG rapport-o relationship-M.SG di of fiduci-a trust-F.SG si REFL è be.PRS.3SG rott-o break.PP-M.SG ‘My trust is ruined.’ |
★ | BREAK |
an Alternation:
Anticausative (coded) |
72 |
(73) Il vaso si ruppe. il ART.DEF.M.SG vas-o pot-M.SG si REFL rupp-e break.PST-3SG ‘The pot broke.’ |
★ | BREAK |
an Alternation:
Anticausative (coded) |
73 |
(74) Mario ruppe il bicchiere con il pallone. Mario Mario rupp-e break.PST-3SG il ART.DEF.M.SG bicchier-e glass-M.SG con with il ART.DEF.M.SG pallon-e ball-M.SG ‘Mario broke the glass with the ball.’ |
★ | BREAK |
a Coding frame:
1 > V.subj[1] > 2 (con+3) |
74 |
(75) Ci si rompe un polso sciando. ci IMP si REFL romp-e break-PRS.3SG un ART.INDF.M pols-o wrist-M.SG scia-ndo sky-PROG ‘One breaks/We/You/They (indef.) break one’s/our/your/their wrist skiing.’ |
★ | BREAK |
an Alternation:
Impersonal of Reflexives |
75 |
(76) I bambini si ruppero reciprocamente le matite. i ART.DEF.M.PL bambin-i child-M.PL si REFL rupp-ero break.PST-3PL reciproca-mente mutual-ADV le ART.DEF.F.PL matit-e pencil-F.PL ‘The children broke each other’s pencils.’ |
★ | BREAK |
an Alternation:
Indirect Reciprocal Reflexive |
76 |
(77) Il sigillo della vostra scatola è stato rotto. il ART.DEF.M.SG sigill-o seal-M.SG de-lla of-ART.DEF.F.SG vostr-a your-F.SG scatol-a box-F.SG è be.PRS.3SG stat-o be.PP-M.SG rott-o break.PP-M.SG ‘The seal of your box has been broken.’ |
★ | BREAK |
an Alternation:
Passive |
77 |
(78) Ci si ruppe reciprocamente le matite. ci IMP si REFL rupp-e break.PST-3SG reciproca-mente mutual-ADV le ART.DEF.F.PL matit-e pencil-F.PL ‘We broke each other's pencils.’ |
★ | BREAK |
an Alternation:
Impersonal of Reflexives |
78 |
(79) L'uovo di Pasqua si rompe così. l'=uov-o ART.DEF.M.SG=egg-M.SG di of Pasqua Easter si REFL romp-e break-PRS.3SG così this_way ‘The Easter egg is broken like this.’ |
★ | BREAK |
an Alternation:
Reflexive Passive |
79 |
(80) Maria si è rotta un polso sciando. Maria Mary si REFL è be.PRS.3SG rott-a break.PP-F.SG un ART.INDF.M pols-o wrist-M.SG scia-ndo ski-PROG ‘Mary broke her wrist skiing.’ |
★ | BREAK |
an Alternation:
Middle Reflexive |
80 |
(81) Il bambino viene abbracciato dai genitori. il ART.DEF.M.SG bambin-o baby-M.SG vien-e come.PRS-3SG abbraccia-t-o hug-PP-M.SG da-i by-ART.DEF.M.PL suo-i his-M.PL genitor-i parent-M.PL ‘The baby is hugged by his parents.’ |
★ | HUG |
an Alternation:
Passive |
81 |
(82) Il Re piemontese teme la potenza austriaca. il ART.DEF.M.SG re king.M.SG piemontes-e Piedmontese-M.SG tem-e fear-PRS.3SG la ART.DEF.F.SG potenz-a power-F.SG austriac-a Austrian-F.SG ‘The king of Piedmont fears Austrian power.’ |
★ | FEAR |
a Coding frame:
1 > V.subj[1] > 2 |
82 |
(83) La vecchiaia si teme senza motivo. la ART.DEF.F.SG vecchiai-a old_age-F.SG si REFL tem-e fear-PRS.3SG senza without motiv-o reason-M.SG ‘Old age is feared without any reason.’ |
★ | FEAR |
an Alternation:
Reflexive Passive |
83 |
(84) Per alcune ore si è temuto il peggio sulla sorte di Simone. per for alcun-e some-F.PL or-e hour-F.PL si REFL è be.PRS.3SG temut-o fear.PP-M.SG il ART.DEF.M.SG peggio worse su-lla on-ART.DEF.F.SG sort-e fate-F.SG di of Simone Simon ‘For some hours one feared /we/they (indef.) feared the worst for Simon’s fate.’ |
★ | FEAR |
an Alternation:
Impersonal Reflexive |
84 |
(85) Il generale è temuto dai suoi soldati. il ART.DEF.M.SG general-e general-M.SG è be.PRS.3SG temut-o fear.PP-M.SG da-i by-ART.DEF.M.PL suo-i his-M.PL soldat-i soldier-M.PL ‘The general is feared by his troops.’ |
★ | FEAR |
an Alternation:
Passive |
85 |
(86) La discussione è trascesa e si è temuto che potesse degenerare. la ART.DEF.F.SG discussion-e discussion-F.SG è be.PRS.3SG trasces-a go_out_of_hand.PP-F.SG e and si REFL è be.PRS.3SG temut-o fear.PP-M.SG che COMPL potess-e can.SBJV.PST-3SG degenera-re degenerate-INF ‘The discussion got out of hand and one/we/ they (indef.)/feared/it was feared that it could degenerate.’ |
★ | FEAR |
an Alternation:
Impersonal Reflexive |
86 |
(87) Si teme da parte del partito la candidatura di Marco. si REFL tem-e fear-PRS.3SG da from part-e part-F.SG de-l of-ART.DEF.M.SG partit-o party-M.SG la ART.DEF.F.SG candidatur-a candidacy-F.SG di of Marco Mark ‘The party fears Mark's candidacy.’ |
★ | FEAR |
an Alternation:
Reflexive Passive |
87 |
(88) La partita Napoli-Roma si gioca oggi. la ART.DEF.F.SG partit-a match-F.SG Napoli-Roma Naples-Rome si REFL gioc-a play-PRS.3SG oggi today ‘The Naples-Rome match is being played today.’ |
★ | PLAY |
an Alternation:
Reflexive Passive |
88 |
(89) Giocammo una partita e segnai quattro gol. gioca-mmo play-PST.1PL un-a ART.INDF-F.SG partit-a match-F.SG e and segna-i score-PST.1SG quattro four gol goal ‘We played a match and I scored four goals.’ |
★ | PLAY | the Verb form giocare | 89 |
(90) I nostri bambini giocano con i coetanei. i ART.DEF.M.PL nostr-i our-M.PL bambin-i child-M.PL gioca-no play-PRS.3PL con with i ART.DEF.M.PL coetane-i peer-M.PL ‘Our children play with children of their own age.’ |
★ | PLAY |
a Coding frame:
1 V.subj[1] (con+2) |
90 |
(91) Mi guardo un film stasera. mi DAT.1SG guard-o look-PRS.1SG un ART.INDF.M film film stasera this_evening ‘I'm going to watch a film this evening.’ |
★ | LOOK AT | the Verb form guardare | 91 |
(92) La partita è stata giocata nonostante la pioggi-a. la ART.DEF.F.SG partit-a match-F.SG è be.PRS.3SG stat-a be.PP-F.SG gioca-t-a play-PP-F.SG nonostante despite la ART.DEF.F.SG pioggi-a rain-F.SG ‘The match was played despite the rain.’ |
★ | PLAY |
an Alternation:
Passive |
92 |
(93) Il cane odora il padrone. il ART.DEF.M.SG can-e dog-M.SG odor-a smell-PRS.3SG il ART.DEF.M.SG padron-e owner-M.SG ‘The dog smells its owner.’ |
★ | SMELL |
a Coding frame:
1 > V.subj[1] > 2 |
93 |
(94) Marco abbraccia Laura. Marco Mark abbracci-a hug-PRS.3SG Laura Laura ‘Mark is hugging Laura.’ |
★ | HUG |
a Coding frame:
1 > V.subj[1] > 2 |
94 |
(95) Marco e Laura si abbracciano ogni volta che si incontrano. Marco Mark e and Laura Laura si REFL abbraccia-no hug-PRS.3PL ogni every volt-a time-F.SG che COMPL si REFL incontra-no meet-PRS.3PL ‘Mark and Laura hug each other every time they meet.’ |
★ | HUG |
an Alternation:
Direct Reciprocal Reflexive |
95 |
(96) Marco si abbracciò a Laura. Marco Mark si REFL abbracci-ò hug-PST.3SG a to Laura Laura ‘Mark hugged himself to Laura.’ |
★ | HUG |
an Alternation:
Middle Reflexive |
96 |
(97) Le lenzuola odorano di lavanda. le ART.DEF.F.PL lenzuol-a sheets-F.PL odora-no smell-PRS.3PL di of lavand-a lavander-F.SG ‘The sheets smell of lavander.’ |
★ | SMELL | the Verb form odorare | 97 |
(98) Anna si odora sempre le mani dopo aver cucinato. Anna Anne si REFL odor-a smell-PRS.3SG sempre always le ART.DEF.F.PL man-i hand-F.PL dopo after ave-r have-INF cucina-t-o cook-PP-M.SG ‘Anne always smells her hands after cooking.’ |
★ | SMELL |
an Alternation:
Indirect/Dative Reflexive |
98 |
(99) Marco guardava le stelle dal balcone. Marco Mark guarda-v-a look-IMPF-1SG le ART.DEF.F.PL stell-e star-F.PL da-l from-ART.DEF.M.SG balcon-e balcony-M.SG ‘Mark looked at the stars from the balcony.’ |
★ | LOOK AT |
a Coding frame:
1 > V.subj[1] > 2 |
99 |
(100) Le sostanze tossiche non vanno odorate. le ART.DEF.F.PL sostanz-e substance-F.PL tossich-e toxic-F.PL non NEG va-nno go.PRS-3PL odora-t-e smell-PP-F.PL ‘Toxic substances must not be smelled.’ |
★ | SMELL |
an Alternation:
Passive |
100 |
(101) Si guardavano con odio. si REFL guarda-va-no look-IMPF-3PL con with odi-o hatred-M.SG ‘They looked at each other with hatred.’ |
★ | LOOK AT |
an Alternation:
Direct Reciprocal Reflexive |
101 |
(102) Marco si conosce fin troppo bene. Marco Mark si REFL conosc-e know.PRS-3SG fin even troppo too bene well ‘Mark knows himself all too well.’ |
★ | KNOW |
an Alternation:
Direct Reflexive |
102 |
(103) Ci si guarda con astio senza motivo. ci IMP si REFL guard-a look-PRS.3SG con with asti-o rancour-M.SG senza without motiv-o reason-M.SG ‘We/You/They (indef.) look at each other with resentment, without reason.’ |
★ | LOOK AT |
an Alternation:
Impersonal of Reflexives |
103 |
(104) L'humus si guarda al microscopio. l'=humus ART.DEF.M.SG=humus si REFL guard-a look-PRS.3SG a-l to-ART.DEF.M.SG microscopi-o microscope-M.SG ‘Humus is seen through a microscope.’ |
★ | LOOK AT |
an Alternation:
Reflexive Passive |
104 |
(105) Marco guardava e non parlava. Marco Mark guarda-v-a look-IMPF-3SG e and non NEG parla-v-a speak-IMPF-1SG ‘Mark was looking and he didn’t speak.’ |
★ | LOOK AT |
an Alternation:
Object Omission |
105 |
(106) Ci si mangia un dolce a colazione. ci IMP si REFL mangi-a eat-PRS.3SG un ART.INDF.M dolc-e cake-M.SG a to colazion-e breakfast-F.SG ‘One eats/We/You/They (indef.) eat a cake for breakfast.’ |
★ | EAT |
an Alternation:
Impersonal of Reflexives |
106 |
(107) Si conoscono innumerevoli elementi chimici. si REFL conosc-ono know.PRS-3PL innumerevol-i many-M.PL element-i element-M.PL chimic-i chemical-M.PL ‘One knows/We/You/They (indef.) know numerous chemical elements.’ |
★ | KNOW |
an Alternation:
Impersonal Reflexive |
107 |
(108) Marco e Giovanni si conoscono da una vita. Marco Mark e and Giovanni John si REFL conosco-no know-PRS.3PL da from un-a ART.INDF-F.SG vit-a life-F.SG ‘Mark and John have known each other for ages.’ |
★ | KNOW |
an Alternation:
Direct Reciprocal Reflexive |
108 |
(109) Il pesce non va mangiato crudo. il ART.DEF.M.SG pesc-e fish-M.SG non NEG va go.PRS.3SG mangia-t-o eat-PP-M.SG crudo raw ‘Fish is not to be eaten raw.’ |
★ | EAT |
an Alternation:
Passive |
109 |
(110) Ci si odora sempre le mani dopo aver cucinato. ci IMP si REFL odor-a smell-PRS.3SG sempre always le ART.DEF.F.PL man-i hand-F.PL dopo after ave-r have-INF cucina-t-o cook-PP-M.SG ‘One always smells one's hands/We/You/They (indef.) always smell our/your/their hands after cooking.’ |
★ | SMELL |
an Alternation:
Impersonal of Reflexives |
110 |
(111) Marco si è tagliato involontariamente il dito con i vetri. Marco Mark si REFL è be.PRS.3SG taglia-t-o cut-PP-M.SG in-volontaria-mente not-willing-ADV il ART.DEF.M.SG dit-o finger-M.SG con with i ART.DEF.M.PL vetr-i glass-M.PL ‘Mark cut his finger by accident with the glass.’ |
★ | CUT |
an Alternation:
Middle Reflexive |
111 |
(112) La carta si taglia facilmente. la ART.DEF.F.SG cart-a paper-F.SG si REFL tagli-a cut-PRS.3SG facil-mente easy-ADV ‘Paper is easily cut.’ |
★ | CUT |
an Alternation:
Reflexive Passive |
112 |
(113) La corda si tagliò in quel punto. la ART.DEF.F.SG cord-a rope-F.SG si REFL tagli-ò cut-PST.3SG in in quel that.M.SG punt-o point-M.SG ‘The rope cut in that point.’ |
★ | CUT |
an Alternation:
Anticausative (coded) |
113 |
(114) Si tagliò la corda per liberare il cane. si REFL tagli-ò cut-PST.3SG la ART.DEF.F.SG cord-a rope-F.SG per to libera-re free-INF il ART.DEF.M.SG can-e dog-M.SG ‘One/We/They (indef.) cut the rope to set the dog free.’ |
★ | CUT |
an Alternation:
Impersonal Reflexive |
114 |
(115) Si mangiò il dolce e poi si uscì. si REFL mangi-ò eat-PST.3SG il ART.DEF.M.SG dolc-e cake-M.SG e and poi then si REFL usc-ì go_out-PST.3SG ‘One/We/They (indef.) ate the cake and then went out.’ |
★ | EAT |
an Alternation:
Impersonal Reflexive |
115 |
(116) La scala va costruita così. la ART.DEF.F.SG scal-a stair-F.SG va go.PRS.3SG costrui-t-a build-PP-F.SG così this_way ‘The stairs are to be built in this way.’ |
★ | BUILD |
an Alternation:
Passive |
116 |
(117) La scala si costruisce facilmente in questo modo. la ART.DEF.F.SG scal-a stair-F.SG si REFL costruisc-e build-PRS.3SG facil-mente easy-ADV in in quest-o this-M.SG mod-o way-M.SG ‘The stairs are built easily in this way.’ |
★ | BUILD |
an Alternation:
Reflexive Passive |
117 |
(118) Marco ha finito di caricare. Marco Mark ha have.PRS.3SG fini-t-o finish-PP-M.SG di of carica-re load-INF ‘Mark has finished loading.’ |
★ | LOAD |
an Alternation:
Object Omission |
118 |
(119) Generalmente la macchina si carica la sera prima della partenza. general-mente general-ADV la ART.DEF.F.SG macchin-a car-F.SG si REFL caric-a load-PRS.3SG la ART.DEF.F.SG ser-a night-F.SG prima before de-lla of-ART.DEF.F.SG partenz-a leaving-F.SG ‘Usually the car is loaded the night before leaving.’ |
★ | LOAD |
an Alternation:
Reflexive Passive |
119 |
(120) Alcuni bambini si sono rotolati per terra. alcun-i some-M.PL bambin-i child-M.PL si REFL sono be.PRS.3PL rotola-t-i roll-PP-M.PL per through terr-a ground-F.SG ‘Some children have rolled on the ground.’ |
★ | ROLL (tr) |
an Alternation:
Direct Reflexive |
120 |
(121) Ieri sera si vedeva la luna. ieri yesterday ser-a evening-F.SG si REFL vede-v-a see-IMPF-1SG la ART.DEF.F.SG lun-a moon-F.SG ‘Yesterday evening one/we/you/ they(indef.) could see the moon.’ |
★ | SEE |
an Alternation:
Impersonal Reflexive |
121 |
(122) Il professore si è spaventato per questo grido di allarme. il ART.DEF.M.SG professor-e professor-M.SG si REFL è be.PRS.3SG spaventa-t-o frighten-PP-M.SG per for quest-o this-M.SG grid-o cry-M.SG di of allarm-e alarm-M.SG ‘The professor was frightened by this cry of alarm.’ |
★ | FRIGHTEN |
an Alternation:
Middle Reflexive |
122 |
(123) Ci si spaventa facilmente. ci IMP si REFL spavent-a frighten-PRS.3SG facil-mente easy-ADV ‘One gets easily frightened./We/They (indef.) get easily frightened.’ |
★ | FRIGHTEN |
an Alternation:
Impersonal of Reflexives |
123 |
(124) Si spaventò la folla con un falso allarme. si REFL spavent-ò frighten-PST.3SG la ART.DEF.F.SG foll-a crowd-F.SG con with un ART.INDF.M fals-o false-M.SG allarm-e alarm-M.SG ‘One/They (indef.)/We frightened the crowd with a false alarm.’ |
★ | FRIGHTEN |
an Alternation:
Impersonal Reflexive |
124 |
(125) Mario si bruciò. Mario Mario si REFL bruci-ò burn-PST.3SG ‘Mario burnt himself.’ |
★ | BURN (tr) |
an Alternation:
Middle Reflexive |
125 |
(126) Quella pistol-a ha ucciso più volte. quell-a that-F.SG pistol-a gun-F.SG ha have.PRS.3SG uccis-o kill.PP-M.SG più more volt-e time-F.PL ‘That gun has killed several times.’ |
★ | KILL |
an Alternation:
Oblique Subject |
126 |
(127) Si sono uccisi degli innocenti. si REFL sono be.PRS.3PL uccis-i kill.PP-M.PL de-gli some-ART.DEF.M.PL innocent-i innocent-M.PL ‘One has killed/We/They (indef.) have killed innocent people.’ |
★ | KILL |
an Alternation:
Impersonal Reflexive |
127 |
(128) Ci si uccide per la disperazione. ci IMP si REFL uccid-e kill-PRS.3SG per for la ART.DEF.F.SG disperazion-e despair-F.SG ‘One kills oneself/We/You/They (indef.) kill ourselves/yourself/themselves out of despair.’ |
★ | KILL |
an Alternation:
Impersonal of Reflexives |
128 |
(129) Si assassinò il giornalista. si REFL assassin-ò kill-PST.3SG il ART.DEF.M.SG giornalist-a journalist-M.SG ‘One/We/They (indef.) murdered the journalist.’ |
★ | ASSASSINATE |
an Alternation:
Impersonal Reflexive |
129 |
(130) Si assassinavano reciprocamente. si REFL assassina-va-no kill-IMPF-3PL reciproca-mente mutual-ADV ‘They murdered each other.’ |
★ | ASSASSINATE |
an Alternation:
Direct Reciprocal Reflexive |
130 |
(131) Si teme la vecchiaia senza motivo. si REFL tem-e fear-PRS.3SG la ART.DEF.F.SG vecchiai-a old_age-F.SG senza without motiv-o reason-M.SG ‘One fears/We/You/They (indef.) fear old age for no reason.’ |
★ | FEAR |
an Alternation:
Impersonal Reflexive |
131 |
(132) Mario si teme. Mario Mario si REFL tem-e fear-PRS.3SG ‘Mario fears himself.’ |
★ | FEAR |
an Alternation:
Direct Reflexive |
132 |
(133) Ci si teme a ragione. ci IMP si REFL tem-e fear-PRS.3SG a to ragion-e reason-F.SG ‘One fears himself/You fear yourself/We fear ourselves/They fear themselves with good reason/We/You/They fear each other with good reason.’ |
★ | FEAR |
an Alternation:
Impersonal of Reflexives |
133 |
(134) Anna e Luca si temono reciprocamente. Anna Anne e and Luca Luke si REFL temo-no fear-PRS.3PL reciproca-mente mutual-ADV ‘Anne and Luke fear each other.’ |
★ | FEAR |
an Alternation:
Direct Reciprocal Reflexive |
134 |
(135) Mario si vede brutto. Mario Mario si REFL ved-e see-PRS.3SG brutt-o ugly-M.SG ‘Mario sees himself as ugly.’ |
★ | SEE |
an Alternation:
Direct Reflexive |
135 |
(136) Ci si vede brutti. ci IMP si REFL ved-e see-PRS.3SG brutt-i ugly-M.PL ‘One sees oneself/You/We/They (indef.) see yourself/ourselves/themselves as ugly.’ |
★ | SEE |
an Alternation:
Impersonal of Reflexives |
136 |
(137) Mario si vide un bel film da solo. Mario Mario si REFL vid-e see.PST-3SG un ART.INDF.M bel beautiful.M.SG film film da by sol-o alone-M.SG ‘Mario saw a beautiful film on his own.’ |
★ | SEE |
an Alternation:
Indirect/Dative Reflexive |
137 |
(138) Anna e Luca si vedono dalla finestra. Anna Anne e and Luca Luke si REFL vedo-no see-PRS.3PL da-lla from-ART.DEF.F.SG finestr-a window-F.SG ‘Anne and Luke can see each other from their windows.’ |
★ | SEE |
an Alternation:
Direct Reciprocal Reflexive |
138 |
(139) Alcune sostanze che stordiscono vengono odorate per alleviare la fame. alcun-e some-F.PL sostanz-e substance-F.PL che REL stordisco-no daze-PRS.3PL vengo-no come.PRS-3PL odora-t-e smell-PP-F.PL per for allevia-re relieve-INF la ART.DEF.F.SG fam-e hunger-F.SG ‘Some numbing substances are sniffed to relieve hunger.’ |
★ | SMELL |
an Alternation:
Passive |
139 |
(140) La folla si spaventa in questo modo. la ART.DEF.F.SG foll-a crowd-F.SG si REFL spavent-a frighten-PRS.3SG in in quest-o this-M.SG mod-o way-M.SG ‘The crowd is frightened in this way.’ |
★ | FRIGHTEN |
an Alternation:
Reflexive Passive |
140 |
(141) Ci si piace. ci IMP si REFL piac-e like-PRS.3SG ‘One likes oneself/You like yourself/We like ourselves/They (indef.) like themselves.’ |
★ | LIKE |
an Alternation:
Impersonal of Reflexives |
141 |
(142) Ci si costruisce una casa al mare. ci IMP si REFL costrui-sc-e build-PRS-3SG un-a ART.INDF-F.SG cas-a house-F.SG a-l to-ART.DEF.M.SG mar-e sea-M.SG ‘One builds oneself / We/They (indef.) build ourselves/yourselves/themselves a seaside house.’ |
★ | BUILD |
an Alternation:
Impersonal of Reflexives |
142 |
(143) Marco si è costruito una casa al mare. Marco Mark si REFL è be.PRS.3SG costrui-t-o build-PP-M.SG un-a ART.INDF-F.SG cas-a house-F.SG a-l to-ART.DEF.M.SG mar-e sea-M.SG ‘Mark has built a seaside house.’ |
★ | BUILD |
an Alternation:
Indirect/Dative Reflexive |
143 |
(144) Si ruppe l'uovo di Pasqua per vedere la sorpresa. si REFL rupp-e break.PST-3SG l'=uov-o ART.DEF.M.SG=egg-M.SG di of Pasqua Easter per to vede-re see-INF la ART.DEF.F.SG sorpres-a surprise-F.SG ‘One/We/They (indef.) broke the Easter egg to see the surprise.’ |
★ | BREAK |
an Alternation:
Impersonal Reflexive |
144 |
(145) Nel duello, i due nemici si uccisero. ne-l in-ART.DEF.M.SG duell-o fight-M.SG i ART.DEF.M.PL due two nemic-i enemy-M.PL si REFL uccise-ro kill.PST-3PL ‘The two enemies killed each other in the duel.’ |
★ | KILL |
an Alternation:
Direct Reciprocal Reflexive |
145 |
(146) Le sostanze che stordiscono si odorano per alleviare la fame. le ART.DEF.F.PL sostanz-e substance-F.PL che REL stordisco-no daze-PRS.3PL si REFL odora-no smell-PRS.3PL per for allevia-re relieve-INF la ART.DEF.F.SG fam-e hunger-F.SG ‘Numbing substances are smelled to relieve hunger.’ |
★ | SMELL |
an Alternation:
Reflexive Passive |
146 |
(147) La quagli-a si uccid-e così. la ART.DEF.F.SG quagli-a quail-F.SG si REFL uccid-e kill-PRS.3SG così this_way ‘Quail are killed in this way.’ |
★ | KILL |
an Alternation:
Reflexive Passive |
147 |
(148) Anna si tagliò il dito per non suonare il pianoforte. Anna Anne si REFL tagli-ò cut-PST.3SG il ART.DEF.M.SG dit-o finger-M.SG per to non NEG suona-re play-INF il ART.DEF.M.SG pianofort-e piano-M.SG ‘Anne cut her finger so as not to play the piano.’ |
★ | CUT |
an Alternation:
Indirect/Dative Reflexive |
148 |
(149) Ci si taglia il dito. ci IMP si REFL tagli-a cut-PRS.3SG il ART.DEF.M.SG dit-o finger-M.SG ‘One cuts one's finger/We cut our finger/They (indef.) cut their finger.’ |
★ | CUT |
an Alternation:
Impersonal of Reflexives |
149 |
(150) Anna e Luca si sono tagliati reciprocamente i capelli. Anna Anne e and Luca Luke si REFL sono be.PRS.3PL taglia-t-i cut-PP-M.PL reciproca-mente mutual-ADV i ART.DEF.M.PL capell-i hair-M.PL ‘Anne and Luke cut each other’s hair.’ |
★ | CUT |
an Alternation:
Indirect Reciprocal Reflexive |
150 |
(151) Ci si carica di legna per l'inverno. ci IMP si REFL caric-a load-PRS.3SG di of legn-a wood-F.SG per for l'=invern-o ART.DEF.M.SG=winter-M.SG ‘One loads himself/We load ourselves/They (indef.) load themselves with wood for the winter.’ |
★ | LOAD |
an Alternation:
Impersonal of Reflexives |
151 |
(152) Mario si è caricato la macchina. Mario Mario si REFL è be.PRS.3SG carica-t-o load-PP-M.SG la ART.DEF.F.SG macchin-a car-F.SG ‘Mario loaded his car.’ |
★ | LOAD |
an Alternation:
Indirect/Dative Reflexive |
152 |
(153) Ci si rotola per terra. ci IMP si REFL rotol-a roll-PRS.3SG per through terr-a ground-F.SG ‘One rolls/We/You/They (indef.) roll on the floor.’ |
★ | ROLL (tr) |
an Alternation:
Impersonal of Reflexives |
153 |
(154) Si rotolò il masso fino a fondovalle. si REFL rotol-ò roll-PST.3SG il ART.DEF.M.SG mass-o stone-M.SG fino till a to fondovall-e downhill-F.SG ‘One/We/They (indef.) rolled the stone all the way down to the bottom of the valley.’ |
★ | ROLL (tr) |
an Alternation:
Impersonal Reflexive |
154 |
(155) I fusti d'olio furono rotolati a fondovalle. i ART.DEF.M.PL fust-i barrel-M.PL d'=oli-o of=oil-M.SG fu-rono be.PST-3PL rotola-t-i roll-PP-M.PL a to fondovall-e downhill-F.SG ‘The oil barrels were rolled to the bottom of the valley.’ |
★ | ROLL (tr) |
an Alternation:
Passive |
155 |
(156) Il tappeto si rotola così. il ART.DEF.M.SG tappet-o carpet-M.SG si REFL rotol-a roll-PRS.3SG così this_way ‘The carpet is rolled in this way.’ |
★ | ROLL (tr) |
an Alternation:
Reflexive Passive |
156 |
(157) La nave si affonda così. la ART.DEF.F.SG nav-e ship-F.SG si REFL affond-a sink-PRS.3SG così this_way ‘The ship is sunk in this way.’ |
★ | SINK (tr) |
an Alternation:
Reflexive Passive |
157 |
(158) Mi brucio questa legna per riscaldarmi. mi OBL.1SG bruci-o burn-PRS.1SG quest-a this-F.SG legn-a wood-F.SG per for riscalda-r-mi warm-INF-OBJ.1SG ‘I’m burning this wood to warm myself up.’ |
★ | BURN (tr) | the Verb form bruciare | 158 |
(159) La legna si brucia così. la ART.DEF.F.SG legn-a wood-F.SG si REFL bruci-a burn-PRS.3SG così this_way ‘Wood is burnt in this way.’ |
★ | BURN (tr) |
an Alternation:
Reflexive Passive |
159 |
(160) Si odorano sostanze che stordiscono per alleviare la fame. si REFL odora-no smell-PRS.3PL sostanz-e substance-F.PL che REL stordisco-no daze-PRS.3PL per for allevia-re relieve-INF la ART.DEF.F.SG fam-e hunger-F.SG ‘One smells/We/You/They (indef.) smell numbing substances to relieve hunger.’ |
★ | SMELL |
an Alternation:
Impersonal Reflexive |
160 |
(161) Marco conosce molti segreti. Marco Mark conosc-e know.PRS-3SG molt-i many-M.PL segret-i secret-M.PL ‘Mark knows a lot of secrets.’ |
★ | KNOW |
a Coding frame:
1 > V.subj[1] > 2 |
161 |
(162) Gli amici più cari si conoscono nell'infanzia. gli ART.DEF.M.PL amic-i friend-M.PL più most car-i dear-M.PL si REFL conosco-no know-PRS.3PL ne-ll'=infanzi-a in-ART.DEF.F.SG=childhood-F.SG ‘Dearest friends are met in childhood.’ |
★ | KNOW |
an Alternation:
Reflexive Passive |
162 |
(163) Ci si conosce sempre meglio col tempo. ci IMP si REFL conosc-e know-PRS.3SG sempre always meglio better co-l with-ART.DEF.M.SG temp-o time-M.SG ‘One knows oneself/You know yourself/We know ourselves/They (indef.) know themselves better and better with time.’ |
★ | KNOW |
an Alternation:
Impersonal of Reflexives |
163 |
(164) La situazione è ben conosciuta da tutti in paese. la ART.DEF.F.SG situazion-e situation-F.SG è be.PRS.3SG ben well conosciut-a know.PP-F.SG da by tutt-i everybody-M.PL in in paes-e village-M.SG ‘The situation is well-known by everyone in the village.’ |
★ | KNOW |
an Alternation:
Passive |
164 |
(165) Mario ha pensato un piano di attacco. Mario Mario ha have.PRS.3SG pensa-t-o think-PP-M.SG un ART.INDF.M pian-o plan-M.SG di of attacc-o attack-M.SG ‘Mario has thought up a plan of attack.’ |
★ | THINK | the Verb form pensare | 165 |
(166) Mario ha pensato a un piano di attacco. Mario Mario ha have.PRS.3SG pensa-t-o think-PP-M.SG a to un ART.INDF.M pian-o plan-M.SG di of attacc-o attack-M.SG ‘Mario has thought up a plan of attack.’ |
★ | THINK |
an Alternation:
Conative |
166 |
(167) Il piano d'attacco fu pensato dai congiurati di notte. il ART.DEF.M.SG pian-o plan-M.SG d'=attacc-o of=attack-M.SG fu be.PST.3SG pensa-t-o think-PP-M.SG da-i by-ART.DEF.M.PL congiurat-i conspirator-M.PL di of nott-e night-F.SG ‘The plan of attack was thought up by the night-time conspirators.’ |
★ | THINK |
an Alternation:
Passive |
167 |
(168) Anna e Luca si pensano spesso. Anna Anne e and Luca Luke si REFL pensa-no think-PRS.3PL spesso often ‘Anne and Luke often think of each other.’ |
★ | THINK |
an Alternation:
Direct Reciprocal Reflexive |
168 |
(169) Ci siamo cercati per ore senza incontrarci. ci IMP siamo be.PRS.1PL cerca-t-i search-PP-M.PL per for or-e hour-F.PL senza without incontra-r-ci meet-INF-OBJ.1PL ‘We looked for each other for hours without meeting.’ |
★ | SEARCH FOR |
an Alternation:
Direct Reciprocal Reflexive |
169 |
(170) Anna cerca un documento importante. Anna Anne cerc-a search-PRS.3SG un ART.INDF.M document-o document-M.SG important-e important-M.SG ‘Anne is looking for an important document.’ |
★ | SEARCH FOR |
a Coding frame:
1 > V.subj[1] > 2 |
170 |
(171) Mi devo cercare un avvocato. mi DAT.1SG dev-o must-PRS.1SG cerca-re search-INF un ART.INDF.M avvocat-o lawyer-M.SG ‘I must look for a lawyer.’ |
★ | SEARCH FOR | the Verb form cercare | 171 |
(172) Si cercano i capi in saldo. si REFL cerca-no search-PRS.3PL i ART.DEF.M.PL cap-i article_of_clothing-M.PL in in sald-o sale-M.SG ‘One is looking for /We/You/They (indef.) are looking for clothes on sale.’ |
★ | SEARCH FOR |
an Alternation:
Impersonal Reflexive |
172 |
(173) I capi in saldo si cercano dopo Natale. i ART.DEF.M.PL cap-i article_of_clothing-M.PL in in sald-o sale-M.SG si REFL cerca-no search-PRS.3PL dopo after Natale Christmas ‘Clothes on sale must be looked for after Christmas.’ |
★ | SEARCH FOR |
an Alternation:
Reflexive Passive |
173 |
(174) Ci si cercava da ore. ci IMP si REFL cerca-v-a search-IMPF-3SG da from or-e hour-F.PL ‘One/We/You/They (indef.) had been looking for each other for hours.’ |
★ | SEARCH FOR |
an Alternation:
Impersonal of Reflexives |
174 |
(175) La verità viene cercata con umiltà dai saggi. la ART.DEF.F.SG verità truth.F.SG vien-e be.PRS.3SG/come.PRS-3SG cerca-t-a search-PP-F.SG con with umiltà humility.F.SG da-i by-ART.DEF.M.PL sagg-i wise-M.PL ‘Wise men search for truth with humility (lit. truth is searched for with humility by wise men).’ |
★ | SEARCH FOR |
an Alternation:
Passive |
175 |
(176) La verità è stata cercata dai familiari per anni. la ART.DEF.F.SG verità truth.F.SG è be.PRS.3SG stat-a be.PP-F.SG cerca-t-a search-PP-F.SG da-i by-ART.DEF.M.PL familiar-i relative-M.PL per for ann-i year-M.PL ‘The truth has been searched for by the relatives for years.’ |
★ | SEARCH FOR |
an Alternation:
Passive |
176 |
(177) Alla festa molte signore vestivano l'abito lungo. a-lla to-ART.DEF.F.SG fest-a party-F.SG molt-e many-F.PL signor-e lady-F.PL vesti-va-no dress-IMPF-3PL l'=abit-o ART.DEF.M.SG=clothes-M.SG lung-o long-M.SG ‘A lot of ladies wore gowns to the party.’ |
★ | DRESS | the Verb form vestire | 177 |
(178) Anna veste sempre in modo originale. Anna Anne vest-e dress-PRS.3SG sempre always in in mod-o way-M.SG original-e extravagant-M.SG ‘Anne always dresses in an original way.’ |
★ | DRESS |
an Alternation:
Object Omission |
178 |
(179) Il barbiere sta radendo la barba a un cliente. il ART.DEF.M.SG barbier-e barber-M.SG sta stay.PRS.3SG rade-ndo shave-PROG la ART.DEF.F.SG barb-a beard-F.SG a to un ART.INDF.M client-e customer-M.SG ‘The barber is shaving a customer’s beard.’ |
★ | SHAVE (a body part/person) |
a Coding frame:
1 > V.subj[1] > 2 (a+3) |
179 |
(180) Marco si rade la barba tre volte la settimana. Marco Mark si REFL rad-e shave-PRS.3SG la ART.DEF.F.SG barb-a beard-F.SG tre three volt-e time-F.PL la ART.DEF.F.SG settiman-a week-F.SG ‘Mark shaves his beard three times a week.’ |
★ | SHAVE (a body part/person) |
an Alternation:
Indirect/Dative Reflexive |
180 |
(181) Luca si rade ogni mattina. Luca Luke si REFL rad-e shave-PRS.3SG ogni every mattin-a morning-F.SG ‘Luke shaves every morning.’ |
★ | SHAVE (a body part/person) |
an Alternation:
Direct Reflexive |
181 |
(182) Ci si rade ogni mattina. ci IMP si REFL rad-e shave-PRS.3SG ogni every mattin-a morning-F.SG ‘One shaves /We/You/They (indef.) shave every morning.’ |
★ | SHAVE (a body part/person) |
an Alternation:
Impersonal of Reflexives |
182 |
(183) Il mio barbiere rade con molta accortezza. il ART.DEF.M.SG mi-o my-M.SG barbier-e barber-M.SG rad-e shave-PRS.3SG con with molt-a a_lot-F.SG accortezz-a care-F.SG ‘My barber shaves clients with great care.’ |
★ | SHAVE (a body part/person) |
an Alternation:
Object Omission |
183 |
(184) Quel farmaco aiuta la digestione. quel that.M.SG farmac-o medicine-M.SG aiut-a help-PRS.3SG la ART.DEF.F.SG digestion-e digestion-F.SG ‘That drug favours digestion.’ |
★ | HELP | the Verb form aiutare | 184 |
(185) Marco si aiutò con una corda per arrampicarsi. Marco Mark si REFL aiut-ò help-PST.3SG con with un-a ART.INDF-F.SG cord-a rope-F.SG per to arrampica-r-si climb-INF-REFL ‘Mark used a rope to help himself to climb.’ |
★ | HELP |
an Alternation:
Direct Reflexive |
185 |
(186) I turisti seguivano la guida nel museo. i ART.DEF.M.PL turist-i tourist-M.PL segui-va-no follow-IMPF-3PL la ART.DEF.F.SG guid-a guide-F.SG ne-l in-ART.DEF.M.SG muse-o museum-M.SG ‘In the museum the tourists followed the guide.’ |
★ | FOLLOW |
a Coding frame:
1 > V.subj[1] > 2 |
186 |
(187) La nave segue la rotta. la ART.DEF.F.SG nav-e ship-F.SG segu-e follow-PRS.3SG la ART.DEF.F.SG rott-a course-F.SG ‘The ship follows its course.’ |
★ | FOLLOW | the Verb form seguire | 187 |
(188) Si segue la rotta prestabilita senza variazioni. si REFL segu-e follow-PRS.3SG la ART.DEF.F.SG rott-a navigation_course-F.SG prestabilit-a predetermined-F.SG senza without variazion-i variation-F.PL ‘One follows/We/You/They (indef.) follow the pre-established route without variations.’ |
★ | FOLLOW |
an Alternation:
Impersonal Reflexive |
188 |
(189) Anna si è incontrata ieri con quel suo vecchio amico. Anna Anne si REFL è be.PRS.3SG incontra-t-a meet-PP-F.SG ieri yesterday con with quel that.M.SG su-o her-M.SG vecchi-o old-M.SG amic-o friend-M.SG ‘Yesterday Anne met that old friend of hers.’ |
★ | MEET |
an Alternation:
Middle Reflexive |
189 |
(190) In questo periodo ci si incontra sempre meno. in in quest-o this-M.SG period-o period-M.SG ci IMP si REFL incontr-a meet-PRS.3SG sempre always meno less ‘We meet less and less in this period.’ |
★ | MEET |
an Alternation:
Impersonal of Reflexives |
190 |
(191) Si parlarono senza giungere ad un accordo. si REFL parla-rono talk-PST.3PL senza without giunge-re come-INF ad to un ART.INDF.M accord-o agreement-M.SG ‘They talked without coming to an agreement.’ |
★ | TALK |
an Alternation:
Indirect/Dative Reflexive |
191 |
(192) Anna chiese i soldi a Luca. Anna Anne chies-e ask.PST-3SG i ART.DEF.M.PL sold-i money-M.PL a to Luca Luke ‘Anne asked Luke for the money.’ |
★ | ASK FOR |
a Coding frame:
1 > V.subj[1] > 2 (a+3) |
192 |
(193) Anna e Luca si chiedevano fedeltà reciproca. Anna Anne e and Luca Luke si REFL chiede-va-no ask-IMPF-3PL fedeltà faithfulness.F.SG reciproc-a mutual-F.SG ‘Anne and Luke asked for mutual faithfulness of each other.’ |
★ | ASK FOR |
an Alternation:
Indirect Reciprocal Reflexive |
193 |
(194) A Mario vengono chiesti i documenti dai poliziotti. a to Mario Mario vengo-no come.PRS-3PL chiest-i ask.PP-M.PL i ART.DEF.M.PL document-i paper-M.PL da-i by-ART.DEF.M.PL poliziott-i policeman-M.PL ‘Mario is asked for his identity papers by the policemen.’ |
★ | ASK FOR |
an Alternation:
Passive |
194 |
(195) Anna sgrida spesso suo figlio. Anna Anne sgrid-a shout_at-PRS.3SG spesso often su-o her-M.SG figli-o son-M.SG ‘Anne often shouts at her son.’ |
★ | SHOUT AT |
a Coding frame:
1 > V.subj[1] > 2 |
195 |
(196) Marco è/viene sgridato spesso. Marco Mark è/vien-e be.PRS.3SG/come.PRS-3SG sgrida-t-o shout_at-PP-M.SG spesso often ‘Mark is often scolded.’ |
★ | SHOUT AT |
an Alternation:
Passive |
196 |
(197) I bambini spesso si sgridano a malincuore. i ART.DEF.M.PL bambin-i child-M.PL spesso often si REFL sgrida-no shout_at-PRS.3PL a_malincuore reluctantly ‘Children are often scolded with reluctance.’ |
★ | SHOUT AT |
an Alternation:
Reflexive Passive |
197 |
(198) Si sgridano di più i bambini durante le feste. si REFL sgrida-no shout_at-PRS.3PL di of più more i ART.DEF.M.PL bambin-i child-M.PL durante during le ART.DEF.F.PL fest-e holiday-F.PL ‘One shouts more at one’s children. /We shout more at our children/You shout more at your children/They shout more at their children during the holidays.’ |
★ | SHOUT AT |
an Alternation:
Impersonal Reflexive |
198 |
(199) Anna e Luca si sgridano a vicenda per il disordine. Anna Anne e and Luca Luke si REFL sgrida-no shout_at-PRS.3PL a_vicenda mutually per for il ART.DEF.M.SG disordin-e mess-M.SG ‘Anne and Luke are shouting at each other because of the disorder.’ |
★ | SHOUT AT |
an Alternation:
Direct Reciprocal Reflexive |
199 |
(200) Tra compagne di squadra ci si sgrida e ci si incoraggia. tra among compagn-e team_mate-F.PL di of squadr-a team-F.SG ci IMP si REFL sgrid-a shout_at-PRS.3SG e and ci IMP si REFL incoraggi-a encourage-PRS.3SG ‘Team-mates encourage and shout at each other.’ |
★ | SHOUT AT |
an Alternation:
Direct Reciprocal Reflexive |
200 |
(201) Anna si è raccontata in un'autobiografia. Anna Anne si REFL è be.PRS.3SG racconta-t-a tell-PP-F.SG in in un'=autobiografi-a ART.INDF.F=autobiografy-F.SG ‘Anna has written her story in an autobiography.’ |
★ | TELL |
an Alternation:
Direct Reflexive |
201 |
(202) La sera spesso si racconta una favola ai bambini. la ART.DEF.F.SG ser-a evening-F.SG spesso often si REFL raccont-a tell-PRS.3SG un-a ART.INDF-F.SG favol-a fairy_tale-F.SG a-i to-ART.DEF.M.PL bambin-i child-M.PL ‘One often tells/We/You /They(indef.) often tell a fairy tale to the children in the evening.’ |
★ | TELL |
an Alternation:
Impersonal Reflexive |
202 |
(203) Anna racconta una storia a suo figlio ogni sera. Anna Anne raccont-a tell-PRS.3SG un-a ART.INDF-F.SG stori-a story-F.SG a to su-o her-M.SG figli-o son-M.SG ogni every ser-a evening-F.SG ‘Anne tells her son a story every evening.’ |
★ | TELL |
a Coding frame:
1 > V.subj[1] > 2 (a+3) |
203 |
(204) Marco raccontò la sua crisi. Marco Mark raccont-ò tell-PST.3SG la ART.DEF.F.SG su-a his-F.SG crisi crisis.F.SG ‘Mark spoke/wrote about his crisis.’ |
★ | TELL | the Verb form raccontare | 204 |
(205) Gli anziani si sedevano intorno al fuoco e si raccontavano storie. gli ART.DEF.M.PL anzian-i old_man-M.PL si REFL sede-va-no sit-IMPF-3PL introno around a-l to-ART.DEF.M.SG fuoc-o fire-M.SG e and si REFL racconta-va-no tell-IMPF-3SG stori-e story-F.PL ‘The old men used to sit around the fire and tell each other stories.’ |
★ | TELL |
an Alternation:
Indirect Reciprocal Reflexive |
205 |
(206) È vero amore solo quando ci si racconta la propria vita. è be.PRS.3SG ver-o true-M.SG amor-e love-M.SG solo only quando when ci IMP si REFL raccont-a tell-PRS.3SG la ART.DEF.F.SG propri-a own-F.SG vit-a life-F.SG ‘It’s only true love when we/you/they(indef.) tell one another about our/your/their own lives.’ |
★ | TELL |
an Alternation:
Impersonal of Reflexives |
206 |
(207) L'episodio è raccontato magistralmente nel film dal regista. l'=episodi-o ART.DEF.M.SG=episode-M.SG è be.PRS.3SG racconta-t-o tell-PP-M.SG magistral-mente masterful-ADV ne-l in-ART.DEF.M.SG film film da-l by-ART.DEF.M.SG regist-a director-M.SG ‘The episode is masterly narrated in the film by the director.’ |
★ | TELL |
an Alternation:
Passive |
207 |
(208) Anna si è detta una bugia. Anna Anne si REFL è be.PRS.3SG dett-a say.PP-F.SG un-a ART.INDEF-F.SG bugi-a lie-F.SG ‘Anne told herself a lie.’ |
★ | SAY |
an Alternation:
Indirect/Dative Reflexive |
208 |
(209) Dica pure, la ascolto. dic-a say.SBJV-3SG pure please la OBJ.F.3SG ascolt-o listen_to-PRS.1SG ‘Go ahead and tell me, I’m listening to you.’ |
★ | SAY |
an Alternation:
Object Omission |
209 |
(210) Luca si dice stupito dell'accaduto. Luca Luke si REFL dic-e say-PRS.3SG stupit-o amazed-M.SG de-ll'=accadut-o of-ART.DEF.M.SG=happened-M.SG ‘Luke says he's surprised by what has happened.’ |
★ | SAY |
an Alternation:
Direct Reflexive |
210 |
(211) Anna dice sempre la verità a Luca. Anna Anne dic-e say-PRS.3SG sempre always la ART.DEF.F.SG verità truth.F.SG a to Luca Luke ‘Anne always tells the truth to Luke.’ |
★ | SAY |
a Coding frame:
1 > V.subj[1] > 2 (a+3) |
211 |
(212) Se ci si ama ci si dice sempre la verità. se if ci IMP si REFL am-a love-PRS.3SG ci IMP si REFL dic-e say-PRS.3SG sempre always la ART.DEF.F.SG verità truth.F.SG ‘If we/you really love each other we/you always tell each other the truth.’ |
★ | SAY |
an Alternation:
Impersonal of Reflexives |
212 |
(213) Anna e Luca si dicono sempre la verità. Anna Anne e and Luca Luke si REFL dico-no say-PRS.3PL sempre always la ART.DEF.F.SG verità truth.F.SG ‘Anne and Luke always tell each other the truth.’ |
★ | SAY |
an Alternation:
Indirect Reciprocal Reflexive |
213 |
(214) Si dice la verità a chi si ama. si REFL dic-e say-PRS.3SG la ART.DEF.F.SG verità truth.F.SG a to chi who si REFL am-a love-PRS.3SG ‘One tells/We/You/They (indef.) tell the truth to the one one/we/you/they (indef.) love.’ |
★ | SAY |
an Alternation:
Impersonal Reflexive |
214 |
(215) La verità si dice con coraggio. la ART.DEF.F.SG verità truth.F.SG si REFL dic-e say-PRS.3SG con with coraggi-o courage-M.SG ‘The truth is to be said with courage.’ |
★ | SAY |
an Alternation:
Reflexive Passive |
215 |
(216) La verità viene detta con coraggio. la ART.DEF.F.SG verità truth.F.SG vien-e come.PRS-3SG dett-a say.PP-F.SG con with coraggi-o courage-M.SG ‘The truth is said with courage.’ |
★ | SAY |
an Alternation:
Passive |
216 |
(217) I papi spesso si chiamano come il proprio predecessore. I ART.DEF.M.PL pap-i pope-M.PL spesso often si REFL chiama-no call-PRS.3PL come as il ART.DEF.M.SG propri-o proper-M.SG predecessor-e predecessor-M.SG ‘Popes often take their predecessors’ names.’ |
★ | NAME |
an Alternation:
Direct Reflexive |
217 |
(218) Anna ha chiamato sua figlia Laura. Anna Anne ha have.PRS.3SG chiama-t-o name-PP-M.SG su-a her-F.SG figli-a daughter-F.SG Laura Laura ‘Anne has called/named her daughter Laura.’ |
★ | NAME |
a Coding frame:
1 > V.subj[1] > 2 > 3 |
218 |
(219) Spesso si chiama un bambino con il nome del nonno. spesso often si REFL chiam-a name-PRS.3SG un ART.INDF.M bambin-o child-M.SG con with il ART.DEF.M.SG nom-e name-M.SG de-l of-ART.DEF.M.SG nonn-o grandfather-M.SG ‘We often name a child after his grandfather.’ |
★ | NAME |
an Alternation:
Impersonal Reflexive |
219 |
(220) Mio padre in fabbrica era chiamato Nuvola Nera dai lavoratori. mi-o my-M.SG padr-e father-M.SG in in fabbric-a factory-F.SG er-a be.IMPF-3SG chiama-t-o call-PP-M.SG nuvol-a cloud-F.SG ner-a black-F.SG da-i by-ART.DEF.M.PL lavorator-i worker-M.PL ‘In the factory, my father was called "Black Cloud" by the workers.’ |
★ | NAME |
an Alternation:
Passive |
220 |
(221) Anna e Luca si chiamano reciprocamente "Tesoro". Anna Anne e and Luca Luke si REFL chiama-no call-PRS.3PL reciproca-mente mutual-ADV tesor-o treasure-M.SG ‘Anne and Luke call each other "Darling".’ |
★ | NAME |
an Alternation:
Direct Reciprocal Reflexive |
221 |
(222) Se ci si chiama Agnelli è tutto facile. se if ci IMP si REFL chiam-a call-PRS.3SG Agnelli Agnelli è be.PRS.3SG tutt-o all-M.SG facil-e easy-M.SG ‘If one is called Agnelli everything is easy/If we/you/they(indef.) are called Agnelli everything is easy.’ |
★ | NAME |
an Alternation:
Impersonal of Reflexives |
222 |
(223) I figli spesso si chiamano col nome dei nonni. i ART.DEF.M.PL figl-i son-M.PL spesso often si REFL chiama-no name-PRS.3PL co-l with-ART.DEF.M.SG nom-e name-M.SG de-i of-ART.DEF.M.PL nonn-i grandparent-M.PL ‘Children are often named after their grandparents.’ |
★ | NAME |
an Alternation:
Reflexive Passive |
223 |
(224) Marco si toccava per controllare di non avere le ossa rotte. Marco Mark si REFL tocca-v-a touch-IMPF-3SG per to controlla-re verify-INF di of non NEG ave-re have-INF le ART.DEF.F.PL oss-a bone-F.PL rott-e broken-F.PL ‘Mark touched himself to check that he didn’t have any broken bones.’ |
★ | TOUCH |
an Alternation:
Direct Reflexive |
224 |
(225) Marco toccò il soffitto con la mano. Marco Mark tocc-ò touch-PST.3SG il ART.DEF.M.SG soffitt-o ceiling-M.SG con with la ART.DEF.F.SG man-o hand-F.SG ‘Mark touched the ceiling with his hand.’ |
★ | TOUCH |
a Coding frame:
1 > V.subj[1] > 2 (con+3) |
225 |
(226) Mario si toccava il polso lamentandosi. Mario Mario si REFL tocca-v-a touch-IMPF-3SG il ART.DEF.M.SG pols-o wrist-M.SG lamenta-ndo-si moan-PROG-REFL ‘Mario touched his wrist moaning.’ |
★ | TOUCH |
an Alternation:
Indirect/Dative Reflexive |
226 |
(227) Spesso ci si tocca i capelli per nervosismo. spesso often ci IMP si REFL tocc-a touch-PRS.3SG i ART.DEF.M.PL capell-i hair-M.PL per for nervosism-o nervousness-M.SG ‘One often touches one’s hair/We/You/They (indef.) often touch our/your/their hair out of nervousness.’ |
★ | TOUCH |
an Alternation:
Impersonal of Reflexives |
227 |
(228) I neonati si toccano con delicatezza. i ART.DEF.M.PL neonat-i new_born_baby-M.PL si REFL tocca-no touch-PRS.3PL con with delicatezz-a delicacy-F.SG ‘Newborn babies are to be touched delicately.’ |
★ | TOUCH |
an Alternation:
Reflexive Passive |
228 |
(229) Si toccano sempre con delicatezza i neonati. si REFL tocca-no touch-PRS.3PL sempre always con with delicatezz-a delicacy-F.SG i ART.DEF.M.PL neonat-i new_born_baby-M.PL ‘One always touches/We/You/They (indef.) always touch newborn babies delicately.’ |
★ | TOUCH |
an Alternation:
Impersonal Reflexive |
229 |
(230) I nostri balconi sono così vicini che quasi si toccano. i ART.DEF.M.PL nostr-i our-M.PL balcon-i balcony-M.PL sono be.PRS.3PL così so vicin-i close-M.PL che COMPL quasi nearly si REFL tocca-no touch-PRS.3PL ‘Our balconies are so close that they nearly touch each other.’ |
★ | TOUCH |
an Alternation:
Direct Reciprocal Reflexive |
230 |
(231) Luca prese il denaro da/a sua madre. Luca Luke pres-e take.PST-3SG il ART.DEF.M.SG denar-o money-M.SG da/a from/to su-a his-F.SG madr-e mother-F.SG ‘Luke took the money from his mother.’ |
★ | TAKE |
a Coding frame:
1 > V.subj[1] > 2 (da+3) |
231 |
(232) L'attore si è preso gli applausi di tutta la platea. l'=attor-e ART.DEF.M.SG=actor-M.SG si REFL è be.PRS.3SG pres-o take.PP-M.SG gli ART.DEF.M.PL applaus-i handclap-M.PL di of tutt-a all-F.SG la ART.DEF.F.SG plate-a house-F.SG ‘The actor received the applause of the whole theatre.’ |
★ | TAKE |
an Alternation:
Indirect/Dative Reflexive |
232 |
(233) I libri vengono presi dai biliotecari e consegnati ai lettori. i ART.DEF.M.PL libr-i book-M.PL vengo-no come.PRS-3PL pres-i take.PP-M.PL da-i by-ART.DEF.M.PL biliotecar-i librarian-M.PL e and consegna-t-i give-PP-M.PL a-i to-ART.DEF.M.PL lettor-i reader-M.PL ‘The books are taken by the librarians and given to the readers.’ |
★ | TAKE |
an Alternation:
Passive |
233 |
(234) Si prende in mano un reperto per esaminarlo. si REFL prend-e take-PRS.3SG in in man-o hand-F.SG un ART.INDF.M repert-o find-M.SG per for esamina-r-lo analyse-INF-OBJ.M.3SG ‘One holds/We/You/They (indef.) hold an archaeological find to analyse it.’ |
★ | TAKE |
an Alternation:
Impersonal Reflexive |
234 |
(235) Il reperto si prende con i guanti. il ART.DEF.M.SG repert-o find-M.SG si REFL prend-e take-PRS.3SG con with i ART.DEF.M.PL guant-i glove-M.PL ‘The find is to be taken when wearing gloves.’ |
★ | TAKE |
an Alternation:
Reflexive Passive |
235 |
(236) Ci si prende spesso il denaro dei propri genitori. ci IMP si REFL prend-e take-PRS.3SG spesso often il ART.DEF.M.SG denar-o money-M.SG de-i of-ART.DEF.M.PL propr-i own-M.PL genitor-i parent-M.PL ‘One often takes/We/you/They(indef.) often take our parents’ money.’ |
★ | TAKE |
an Alternation:
Impersonal of Reflexives |
236 |
(237) Luca strappa una pagina dal quaderno. Luca Luke strapp-a tear-PRS.3SG un-a ART.INDF-F.SG pagin-a page-F.SG da-l from-ART.DEF.M.SG quadern-o exercise_book-M.SG ‘Luke is tearing a page from the exercise book.’ |
★ | TEAR |
a Coding frame:
1 > V.subj[1] > 2 (da+3) |
237 |
(238) Luca si strappò i pantaloni involontariamente. Luca Luke si REFL strapp-ò tear-PST.3SG i ART.DEF.M.PL pantalon-i trousers-M.PL in-volontaria-mente not-intentional-ADV ‘Luke tore his trousers by accident.’ |
★ | TEAR |
an Alternation:
Middle Reflexive |
238 |
(239) Luca si strappò i capelli per la disperazione. Luca Luke si REFL strapp-ò tear-PST.3SG i ART.DEF.M.PL capell-i hair-M.PL per for la ART.DEF.F.SG disperazion-e desperation-F.SG ‘Luke tore out his hair in despair.’ |
★ | TEAR |
an Alternation:
Indirect/Dative Reflexive |
239 |
(240) Anna e Luca si strappano i capelli litigando. Anna Anne e and Luca Luke si REFL strappa-no tear-PRS.3PL i ART.DEF.M.PL capell-i hair-M.PL litiga-ndo quarrel-PROG ‘Anne and Luke are tearing out each other's hair while quarreling.’ |
★ | TEAR |
an Alternation:
Indirect Reciprocal Reflexive |
240 |
(241) I pantaloni si sono strappati. i ART.DEF.M.PL pantalon-i trousers-M.PL si REFL sono be.PRS.3PL strappa-t-i tear-PP-M.PL ‘The trousers got torn.’ |
★ | TEAR |
an Alternation:
Anticausative (coded) |
241 |
(242) Il ladro rubò i gioielli dalla cassaforte. il ART.DEF.M.SG ladr-o thief-M.SG rub-ò steal-PST.3SG i ART.DEF.M.PL gioiell-i jewel-M.PL da-lla from-ART.DEF.F.SG cassafort-e safe-F.SG ‘The thief stole the jewels from the safe.’ |
★ | STEAL | the Verb form rubare | 242 |
(243) Si strappano troppe pagine dai quaderni. si REFL strappa-no tear-PRS.3PL tropp-e too_many-F.PL pagin-e page-F.PL da-i from-ART.DEF.M.PL quadern-i exercise_book-M.PL ‘One tears/We/You/They (indef.) tear too many pages out of one’s/our/your/their exercise books.’ |
★ | TEAR |
an Alternation:
Impersonal Reflexive |
243 |
(244) Le pagine si strappano dai quaderni solo raramente. le ART.DEF.F.PL pagin-e page-F.PL si REFL strappa-no tear-PRS.3PL da-i from-ART.DEF.M.PL quadern-i exercise_book-M.PL solo only rara-mente rare-ADV ‘Only rarely are pages to be torn out of exercise books.’ |
★ | TEAR |
an Alternation:
Reflexive Passive |
244 |
(245) Non ci si strappa i capelli. non NEG ci IMP si REFL strapp-a tear-PRS.3SG i ART.DEF.M.PL capell-i hair-M.PL ‘One does not tear out one’s own hair/We/you/they (indef.) do not tear out our/your/their own hair / We/You/They do not tear out each other’s hair.’ |
★ | TEAR |
an Alternation:
Impersonal of Reflexives |
245 |
(246) La lettera venne strappata dall'insegnant-e. la ART.DEF.F.SG letter-a letter-F.SG venn-e come.PST-3SG strappa-t-a tear-PP-F.SG da-ll'=insegnant-e by-ART.DEF.F.SG=teacher-F.SG ‘The letter was torn up by the teacher.’ |
★ | TEAR |
an Alternation:
Passive |
246 |
(247) Anna sbuccia la mela per sua figlia. Anna Anne sbucci-a peel-PRS.3SG la ART.DEF.F.SG mel-a apple-F.SG per for su-a her-F.SG figli-a daughter-F.SG ‘Anne is peeling the apple for her daughter.’ |
★ | PEEL |
a Coding frame:
1 > V.subj[1] > 2 |
247 |
(248) La mela viene sbucciata con un coltello adatto. la ART.DEF.F.SG mel-a apple-F.SG vien-e come-PRS.3SG sbuccia-t-a peel-PP-F.SG con with un ART.INDF.M coltell-o knife-M.SG adatt-o proper-M.SG ‘Apples are peeled with the right knife.’ |
★ | PEEL |
an Alternation:
Passive |
248 |
(249) Mi sono sbucciato una mela. mi DAT.1SG sono be.PRS.1SG sbuccia-t-o peel-PP-M.SG un-a ART.INDEF-F.SG mel-a apple-F.SG ‘I have peeled myself an apple.’ |
★ | PEEL | the Verb form sbucciare | 249 |
(250) Oggi la frutta si sbuccia sempre. oggi today la ART.DEF.F.SG frutta fruit.F.SG si REFL sbucci-a peel-PRS.3SG sempre always ‘Today fruit is always peeled.’ |
★ | PEEL |
an Alternation:
Reflexive Passive |
250 |
(251) Un tempo non si sbucciava la frutta. un ART.INDF.M temp-o time-M.SG non NEG si REFL sbuccia-v-a peel-IMPF-3SG la ART.DEF.F.SG frutt-a fruit-F.SG ‘Once one/we/they (indef.) didn’t use to peel fruit.’ |
★ | PEEL |
an Alternation:
Impersonal Reflexive |
251 |
(252) Anna e Luca si sbucciano a vicenda la frutta ogni sera. Anna Anne e and Luca Luke si REFL sbuccia-no peel-PRS.3PL a_vicenda mutually la ART.DEF.F.SG frutt-a fruit-F.SG ogni every ser-a evening-F.SG ‘Anne and Luke peel each other the fruit every evening.’ |
★ | PEEL |
an Alternation:
Indirect Reciprocal Reflexive |
252 |
(253) Ci si può sbucciare i gomiti se si cade sciando. ci IMP si REFL può can.PRS.3SG sbuccia-re scrape-INF i ART.DEF.M.PL gomit-i elbow-M.PL se if si REFL cad-e fall-PRS.3SG scia-ndo ski-PROG ‘One /We/You/They (indef.) can get a grazed elbow if one falls/we/they(indef.) fall when skiing.’ |
★ | PEEL |
an Alternation:
Impersonal of Reflexives |
253 |
(254) Marco si è sbucciato il gomito sciando. Marco Mark si REFL è be.PRS.3SG sbuccia-t-o peel-PP-M.SG il ART.DEF.M.SG gomit-o elbow-M.SG scia-ndo ski-PROG ‘Mark grazed his elbow skiing.’ |
★ | PEEL |
an Alternation:
Middle Reflexive |
254 |
(255) Anna nascose il regalo a Luca. Anna Anne nascos-e hide.PST-3SG il ART.DEF.M.SG regal-o gift-M.SG a to Luca Luke ‘Anne hid the gift from Luke.’ |
★ | HIDE |
a Coding frame:
1 > V.subj[1] > 2 (a+3) |
255 |
(256) Il bandito si nascose il viso con un passamontagna. il ART.DEF.M.SG bandit-o gangster-M.SG si REFL nascos-e hide.PST-3SG il ART.DEF.M.SG vis-o face-M.SG con with un ART.INDF.M passamontagna ski_mask ‘The bandit hid his face with a balaclava.’ |
★ | HIDE |
an Alternation:
Indirect/Dative Reflexive |
256 |
(257) Il ladro si nascose dietro una siepe. il ART.DEF.M.SG ladr-o thief-M.SG si REFL nascos-e hide.PST-3SG dietro behind un-a ART.INDF-F.SG siep-e hedge-F.SG ‘The thief hid behind a hedge.’ |
★ | HIDE |
an Alternation:
Direct Reflexive |
257 |
(258) La vallata era nascosta dalla nebbia. la ART.DEF.F.SG vallat-a valley-F.SG er-a be.IMPF-3SG nascost-a hide.PP-F.SG da-lla by-ART.DEF.F.SG nebbi-a fog-F.SG ‘The valley was hidden by the fog.’ |
★ | HIDE |
an Alternation:
Passive |
258 |
(259) Il negoziante mostrò la merce al cliente. il ART.DEF.M.SG negoziant-e storekeeper-M.SG mostr-ò show-PST.3SG la ART.DEF.F.SG merc-e merchandise-F.SG a-i to-ART.DEF.M.PL client-i customer-M.PL ‘The shopkeeper showed the goods to the customer.’ |
★ | SHOW |
a Coding frame:
1 > V.subj[1] > 2 (a+3) |
259 |
(260) Anna si mostra in pubblico con piacere. Anna Anne si REFL mostr-a show-PRS.3SG in in pubblic-o public-M.SG con with piacer-e pleasure-M.SG ‘Anne appears in public with pleasure.’ |
★ | SHOW |
an Alternation:
Direct Reflexive |
260 |
(261) Spesso si nasconde la verità ai cittadini. spesso often si REFL nascond-e hide-PRS.3SG la ART.DEF.F.SG verità truth.F.SG a-i to-ART.DEF.M.PL cittadin-i citizen-M.PL ‘One often hides/We/You/They(indef.) often hide the truth from citizens.’ |
★ | HIDE |
an Alternation:
Impersonal Reflexive |
261 |
(262) Spesso ci si nasconde la verità. spesso often ci IMP si REFL nascond-e hide-PRS.3SG la ART.DEF.F.SG verità truth.F.SG ‘One often hides the truth from oneself/ We/You/They (indef.) often hide the truth from ourselves/yourselves/themselves.’ |
★ | HIDE |
an Alternation:
Impersonal of Reflexives |
262 |
(263) La verità si nasconde lì, in quel casolare. la ART.DEF.F.SG verità truth.F.SG si REFL nascond-e hide-PRS.3SG lì there in in que-l that-ART.DEF.M.SG casolar-e cottage-M.SG ‘The truth is hiding there, in that cottage.’ |
★ | HIDE |
an Alternation:
Anticausative (coded) |
263 |
(264) Generalmente si mostra la merce migliore ai clienti. general-mente general-ADV si REFL mostr-a show-PRS.3SG la ART.DEF.F.SG merc-e merchandise-F.SG miglior-e best-F.SG a-i to-ART.DEF.M.PL client-i customer-M.PL ‘Generally one shows/we/you/they (indef.) show the best goods to customers.’ |
★ | SHOW |
an Alternation:
Impersonal Reflexive |
264 |
(265) La merce migliore si mostra solo ai clienti assidui. la ART.DEF.F.SG merc-e merchandise-F.SG miglior-e best-F.SG si REFL mostr-a show-PRS.3SG solo only a-i to-ART.DEF.M.PL client-i customer-M.PL assidu-i abitual-M.PL ‘The best goods are only shown to habitual customers.’ |
★ | SHOW |
an Alternation:
Reflexive Passive |
265 |
(266) Nelle problematiche sociali ci si mostra passivi. ne-lle in-ART.DEF.F.PL problematich-e problem-F.PL social-i social-F.PL ci IMP si REFL mostr-a show-PRS.3SG passiv-e submissive-F.PL ‘For/With social problems one seems/we/you/they (indef.) seem passive.’ |
★ | SHOW |
an Alternation:
Impersonal of Reflexives |
266 |
(267) Le prove vennero mostrate ai giudici dall'avvocato. le ART.DEF.F.PL prov-e proof-F.PL venn-ero come.PST-3PL mostra-t-e show-PP-F.PL a-i to-ART.DEF.M.PL giudic-i judge-M.PL da-ll=avvocat-o by-ART.DEF.M.SG=lawyer-M.SG ‘The evidence was shown to the judges by the lawyer.’ |
★ | SHOW |
an Alternation:
Passive |
267 |
(268) Anna e Luca si mostrarono le foto di quando erano bambini. Anna Anne e and Luca Luke si REFL mostra-rono show-PST.3PL le ART.DEF.F.PL foto photo.F.PL di of quando when era-no be.IMPF-3PL bambin-i child-M.PL ‘Anne and Luke showed each other the pictures of when they were little.’ |
★ | SHOW |
an Alternation:
Indirect Reciprocal Reflexive |
268 |
(269) Anna dà spesso a Luca un regalo. Anna Anne dà give.PRS.3SG spesso often a to Luca Luke un ART.INDF.M regal-o gift-M.SG ‘Anne often gives Luke a gift.’ |
★ | GIVE |
a Coding frame:
1 > V.subj[1] > 2 (a+3) |
269 |
(270) Anna e Luca si diedero la mano. Anna Anne e and Luca Luke si REFL died-ero give.PST-3PL la ART.DEF.F.SG man-o hand-F.SG ‘Anne and Luke shook hands.’ |
★ | GIVE |
an Alternation:
Indirect Reciprocal Reflexive |
270 |
(271) Marco si diede un calcio involontariamente. Marco Mark si REFL died-e give.PST-3SG un ART.INDF.M calci-o kick-M.SG in-volontaria-mente not-conscious-ADV ‘Mark kicked himself accidentally.’ |
★ | GIVE |
an Alternation:
Indirect/Dative Reflexive |
271 |
(272) L'aumento va dato ai lavoratori meritevoli. l'=aument-o ART.DEF.M.SG=pay_rise-M.SG va go.PRS.3SG da-t-o give-PP-M.SG a-i to-ART.DEF.M.PL lavorator-i worker-M.PL meritevol-i deserving-M.PL ‘The pay rise is to be given to deserving workers.’ |
★ | GIVE |
an Alternation:
Passive |
272 |
(273) L'aumento si dà ai lavoratori meritevoli. l'=aument-o ART.DEF.M.SG=pay_rise-M.SG si REFL dà give.PRS.3SG a-i to-ART.DEF.M.PL lavorator-i worker-M.PL meritevol-i deserving-M.PL ‘The pay rise is given to deserving workers.’ |
★ | GIVE |
an Alternation:
Reflexive Passive |
273 |
(274) Si dà l'aumento ai lavoratori meritevoli. si REFL dà give.PRS.3SG l'=aument-o ART.DEF.M.SG=pay_rise-M.SG a-i to-ART.DEF.M.PL lavorator-i worker-M.PL meritevol-i deserving-M.PL ‘One gives/We/You/They (indef.) give the pay rise to deserving workers.’ |
★ | GIVE |
an Alternation:
Impersonal Reflexive |
274 |
(275) Ci si dà un regalo. ci IMP si REFL dà give.PRS.3SG un ART.INDF.M regal-o gift-M.SG ‘One gives oneself/You give yourself/We give ourselves/You give yourselves/They(indef) give themselves a gift / We/You/They give each other gifts.’ |
★ | GIVE |
an Alternation:
Impersonal of Reflexives |
275 |
(276) Anna inviò una lettera alla sua amica. Anna Anne invi-ò send-PST.3SG un-a ART.INDF-F.SG letter-a letter-F.SG a-lla to-ART.DEF.F.SG su-a her-F.SG amic-a friend-F.SG ‘Anne sent a letter to her friend.’ |
★ | SEND |
a Coding frame:
1 > V.subj[1] > 2 (a+3) |
276 |
(277) Quando si invia il modulo, bisogna includere due fotografie. quando when si REFL invi-a send-PRS.3SG il ART.DEF.M.SG modul-o form-M.SG bisogn-a need-PRS.3SG include-re attach-INF due two foto photo.F.PL ‘When sending the form, one needs/we/you/they (indef.) need to attach two photos.’ |
★ | SEND |
an Alternation:
Impersonal Reflexive |
277 |
(278) A dicembre si inviano gli auguri per un felice anno nuovo. a to dicembre december si REFL invia-no send-PRS.3PL gli ART.DEF.M.PL augur-i wish-M.PL per for un ART.INDF.M felic-e happy-M.SG ann-o year-M.SG nuov-o new-M.SG ‘In December one sends/we/They (indef.) send New Year’s greetings cards.’ |
★ | SEND |
an Alternation:
Impersonal Reflexive |
278 |
(279) Ci si invia piccoli messaggi. ci IMP si REFL invi-a send-PRS.3SG piccol-i little-M.PL messagg-i message-M.PL ‘People of the same age send short messages to each other.’ |
★ | SEND |
an Alternation:
Impersonal of Reflexives |
279 |
(280) Anna e la sua amica si inviano sempre messaggi. Anna Anne e and la ART.DEF.F.SG su-a her-F.SG amic-a friend-F.SG si REFL invia-no send-PRS.3PL sempre always messagg-i message-M.PL ‘Anne and her friend always send each other messages.’ |
★ | SEND |
an Alternation:
Indirect Reciprocal Reflexive |
280 |
(281) Lo stesso messaggio viene inviato a tutti. lo ART.DEF.M.SG stess-o same-M.SG messaggi-o message-M.SG vien-e come.PRS-3SG invia-t-o send-PP-M.SG a to tutt-i all-M.PL ‘The same message is sent to everybody.’ |
★ | SEND |
an Alternation:
Passive |
281 |
(282) Gli inviti si inviano due mesi prima del matrimonio. gli ART.DEF.M.PL invit-i invitation-M.PL si REFL invia-no send-PRS.3PL due two mes-i month-M.PL prima before de-l of-ART.DEF.M.SG matrimoni-o wedding-M.SG ‘Invitations are sent out two months before the wedding.’ |
★ | SEND |
an Alternation:
Reflexive Passive |
282 |
(283) Luca trasportò le valigie a casa. Luca Luke trasport-ò carry-PST.3SG le ART.DEF.F.PL valigi-e suitcase-F.PL a to cas-a home-F.SG ‘Luke carried the suitcases home.’ |
★ | CARRY |
a Coding frame:
1 > V.subj[1] > 2 ( > LOC3) |
283 |
(284) Con la fantasia mi trasporto in un mondo fantastico. con with la ART.DEF.F.SG fantasi-a imagination-F.SG mi REFL.1SG trasport-o carry-PRS.1SG in to un ART.INDF.M mond-o world-M.SG fantastic-o fantastic-M.SG ‘Through fantasy, I take myself to a fantastic world.’ |
★ | CARRY |
an Alternation:
Direct Reflexive |
284 |
(285) Si trasportano troppe merci sulle autostrade. si REFL trasporta-no carry-PRS.3PL tropp-e too_many-F.PL merc-i goods-F.PL su-lle on-ART.DEF.F.PL aurostrad-e motorway-F.PL ‘One transports/We/You/They(indef.) transport too much goods on the motorways.’ |
★ | CARRY |
an Alternation:
Impersonal Reflexive |
285 |
(286) Il ferito viene trasportato all'ospedale. il ART.DEF.M.SG ferit-o victim-M.SG vien-e come.PRS-3SG trasporta-t-o carry-PP-M.SG a-ll'=ospedal-e to-ART.DEF.M.SG=hospital-M.SG ‘The injured person is taken to hospital.’ |
★ | CARRY |
an Alternation:
Passive |
286 |
(287) I piatti di porcellana si trasportano in apposite scatole. i ART.DEF.M.PL piatt-i dish-M.PL di of porcellan-a chine-F.SG si REFL trasporta-no carry-PRS.3PL in in apposit-e appropriate-F.PL scatol-e box-F.PL ‘Porcelain plates are transported in the correct boxes.’ |
★ | CARRY |
an Alternation:
Reflexive Passive |
287 |
(288) Anna e Luca si trasportavano reciprocamente i libri. Anna Anne e and Luca Luke si REFL trasporta-va-no carry-IMPF-3PL reciproca-mente mutual-ADV i ART.DEF.M.PL libr-i book-M.PL ‘Anne and Luke carried each other’s books.’ |
★ | CARRY |
an Alternation:
Indirect Reciprocal Reflexive |
288 |
(289) Da bambini, con la fantasia ci si trasporta in un mondo fantastico. da as bambin-i child-M.PL con with la ART.DEF.F.SG fantasi-a imagination-F.SG ci IMP si REFL trasport-a carry-PRS.3SG in into un ART.INDF.M mond-o world-M.SG fantastic-o fantastic-M.SG ‘As a child, one transports oneself/ you transport yourself/ As children we transport ourselves/ you transport yourselves/ they (indef.) transport themselves to a fantastic world through fantasy.’ |
★ | CARRY |
an Alternation:
Impersonal of Reflexives |
289 |
(290) Luca legò il cane al palo con la corda. Luca Luke leg-ò tie-PST.3SG il ART.DEF.M.SG can-e dog-M.SG a-l to-ART.DEF.M.SG pal-o post-M.SG con with la ART.DEF.F.SG cord-a chain-F.SG ‘Luke tied the dog to the post with the chain.’ |
★ | TIE |
a Coding frame:
1 > V.subj[1] > 2 (a+3) (con+4) |
290 |
(291) Marco si legò alla barca. Marco Mark si REFL leg-ò tie-PST.3SG a-lla to-ART.DEF.F.SG barc-a boat-F.SG ‘Mark tied himself to the boat.’ |
★ | TIE |
an Alternation:
Direct Reflexive |
291 |
(292) Luca si è legato il braccio rotto al collo. Luca Luke si REFL è be.PRS.3SG lega-t-o tie-PP-M.SG il ART.DEF.M.SG bracci-o arm-M.SG rott-o broken-M.SG a-l to-ART.DEF.M.SG coll-o neck-M.SG ‘Luke tied his broken arm to his neck.’ |
★ | TIE |
an Alternation:
Indirect/Dative Reflexive |
292 |
(293) I cani feroci vengono legati. i ART.DEF.M.PL can-i dog-M.PL feroc-i ferocious-M.PL vengo-no come.PRS-3PL lega-t-i tie-PP-M.PL ‘Ferocious dogs are tied up.’ |
★ | TIE |
an Alternation:
Passive |
293 |
(294) Anna e Luca si sono legati reciprocamente alla barca. Anna Anne e and Luca Luke si REFL sono be.PRS.3PL lega-t-i tie-PP-M.PL reciproca-mente mutual-ADV a-lla to-ART.DEF.F.SG barc-a boat-F.SG ‘Anne and Luke tied each other to the boat.’ |
★ | TIE |
an Alternation:
Direct Reciprocal Reflexive |
294 |
(295) Si lega la barca al molo e poi si esce. si REFL leg-a tie-PRS.3SG la ART.DEF.F.SG barc-a boat-F.SG a-l to-ART.DEF.M.SG mol-o dock-M.SG e and poi then si REFL esc-e go_out.PRS-3SG ‘One ties/We/You/They (indef.) tie the boat to the dock and then one goes out /we/you/they(indef.) go out.’ |
★ | TIE |
an Alternation:
Impersonal Reflexive |
295 |
(296) La notte durante la navigazione ci si lega alla barca per non cadere a mare. la ART.DEF.F.SG nott-e night-F.SG durante during la ART.DEF.F.SG navigazion-e sailing-F.SG ci IMP si REFL leg-a tie-PRS.3SG a-lla to-ART.DEF.F.SG barc-a boat-F.SG per for non NEG cade-re fall-INF a to mar-e sea-M.SG ‘When sailing at night, one ties himself/you tie yourself//we tie ourselves/they tie themselves to the boat, so as not to fall into the sea.’ |
★ | TIE |
an Alternation:
Impersonal of Reflexives |
296 |
(297) La barca si lega così al molo. la ART.DEF.F.SG barc-a boat-F.SG si REFL leg-a tie-PRS.3SG così this_way a-l to-ART |