Coding frames of Italian
Coding frame | Alternations | derived | arg_count | #Vs | Verb meanings & Verb forms |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
– | Basic | 2 | 25 |
BOIL (tr) (bollire)
CLIMB (scalare)
COOK (cuocere)
DIG (dissotterrare)
DRESS (vestire)
EAT (mangiare)
FEAR (temere)
FOLLOW (seguire)
FRIGHTEN (spaventare)
HELP (aiutare)
HUG (abbracciare)
KNOW (conoscere)
LEAVE (lasciare)
LOOK AT (guardare)
MEET (incontrare)
PEEL (sbucciare)
ROLL (tr) (rotolare)
SEARCH FOR (cercare)
SEE (vedere)
SHOUT AT (sgridare)
SMELL (odorare)
WANT (volere)
WASH (lavare)
|
|
– | Basic | 2 | 1 |
LIKE (piacere)
|
|
– | Basic | 2 | 1 |
THINK (pensare)
|
|
– | Basic | 3 | 1 |
NAME (chiamare)
|
|
– | Basic | 3 | 12 |
ASSASSINATE (assassinare)
BEAT (colpire)
BREAK (rompere)
BURN (tr) (bruciare)
COVER (coprire)
CUT (tagliare)
FILL (riempire)
GRIND (macinare)
HIT (urtare)
KILL (uccidere)
SINK (tr) (affondare)
TOUCH (toccare)
|
|
– | Basic | 3 | 10 |
ASK FOR (chiedere)
BRING (portare)
GIVE (dare)
HIDE (nascondere)
SAY (dire)
SEND (inviare)
SHAVE (a body part/person) (radere)
SHOW (mostrare)
TEACH (insegnare)
TELL (raccontare)
|
|
– | Basic | 3 | 2 |
BUILD (costruire)
MAKE (fare)
|
|
– | Basic | 2 | 8 |
FEEL COLD (avere freddo, sentire freddo)
FEEL PAIN (avere dolore, sentire dolore)
GO (andare)
LIVE (abitare)
SIT (sedere)
SIT DOWN (sedersi)
|
|
– | Basic | 3 | 5 |
CARRY (trasportare)
POUR (versare)
PUSH (spingere)
PUT (mettere)
THROW (lanciare)
|
|
– | Basic | 1 | 15 |
APPEAR (apparire)
BE DRY (essere arido)
BE HUNGRY (avere fame, essere affamato)
BE ILL (essere malato)
BE SAD (essere triste)
BLINK (sbattere le palpebre)
COUGH (tossire)
CRY (piangere)
DIE (morire)
FALL (cadere)
JUMP (saltare)
RUN (correre)
SCREAM (urlare)
SING (cantare)
|
|
– | Basic | 3 | 4 |
CLEAN (pulire)
GET (ricevere)
TAKE (prendere)
TEAR (strappare)
WIPE (pulire)
|
|
– | Basic | 4 | 1 |
TIE (legare)
|
|
– | Basic | 3 | 1 |
LOAD (caricare)
|
|
– | Basic | 3 | 1 |
LEAVE (partire)
|
|
– | Basic | 2 | 1 |
LAUGH (ridere)
|
|
– | Basic | 2 | 1 |
PLAY (giocare)
|
|
B |
– | Basic | 0 | 1 |
RAIN (piovere)
|
Reflexive Passive | Derived | 2 | 25 |
BOIL (tr) (bollire)
CLIMB (scalare)
COOK (cuocere)
DIG (dissotterrare)
DRESS (vestire)
EAT (mangiare)
FEAR (temere)
FOLLOW (seguire)
FRIGHTEN (spaventare)
HELP (aiutare)
HUG (abbracciare)
KNOW (conoscere)
LEAVE (lasciare)
LOOK AT (guardare)
MEET (incontrare)
PEEL (sbucciare)
ROLL (tr) (rotolare)
SEARCH FOR (cercare)
SEE (vedere)
SHOUT AT (sgridare)
SMELL (odorare)
WANT (volere)
WASH (lavare)
|
|
Object Omission | Derived | 1 | 9 |
CLIMB (scalare)
DRESS (vestire)
EAT (mangiare)
HEAR (sentire)
HELP (aiutare)
SEARCH FOR (cercare)
SEE (vedere)
WANT (volere)
WASH (lavare)
|
|
Object Omission | Derived | 2 | 1 |
PUSH (spingere)
|
|
Object Omission | Derived | 2 | 4 |
ASK FOR (chiedere)
SAY (dire)
SHAVE (a body part/person) (radere)
TEACH (insegnare)
|
|
Object Omission | Derived | 2 | 3 |
BEAT (colpire)
GRIND (macinare)
KILL (uccidere)
|
|
Object Omission | Derived | 2 | 1 |
CLEAN (pulire)
WIPE (pulire)
|
|
Object Omission | Derived | 2 | 1 |
BUILD (costruire)
|
|
Object Omission | Derived | 2 | 1 |
LOAD (caricare)
|
|
Passive | Derived | 2 | 25 |
BOIL (tr) (bollire)
CLIMB (scalare)
COOK (cuocere)
DIG (dissotterrare)
DRESS (vestire)
EAT (mangiare)
FEAR (temere)
FOLLOW (seguire)
FRIGHTEN (spaventare)
HELP (aiutare)
HUG (abbracciare)
KNOW (conoscere)
LEAVE (lasciare)
LOOK AT (guardare)
MEET (incontrare)
PEEL (sbucciare)
ROLL (tr) (rotolare)
SEARCH FOR (cercare)
SEE (vedere)
SHOUT AT (sgridare)
SMELL (odorare)
WANT (volere)
WASH (lavare)
|
|
Passive | Derived | 3 | 5 |
CARRY (trasportare)
POUR (versare)
PUSH (spingere)
PUT (mettere)
THROW (lanciare)
|
|
Passive | Derived | 3 | 10 |
ASK FOR (chiedere)
BRING (portare)
GIVE (dare)
HIDE (nascondere)
SAY (dire)
SEND (inviare)
SHAVE (a body part/person) (radere)
SHOW (mostrare)
TEACH (insegnare)
TELL (raccontare)
|
|
Passive | Derived | 4 | 1 |
TIE (legare)
|
|
Passive | Derived | 3 | 11 |
ASSASSINATE (assassinare)
BEAT (colpire)
BREAK (rompere)
BURN (tr) (bruciare)
COVER (coprire)
CUT (tagliare)
FILL (riempire)
GRIND (macinare)
HIT (urtare)
KILL (uccidere)
SINK (tr) (affondare)
|
|
Passive | Derived | 3 | 4 |
CLEAN (pulire)
GET (ricevere)
TAKE (prendere)
TEAR (strappare)
WIPE (pulire)
|
|
Passive | Derived | 3 | 2 |
BUILD (costruire)
MAKE (fare)
|
|
Passive | Derived | 3 | 1 |
NAME (chiamare)
|
|
Passive | Derived | 3 | 1 |
LOAD (caricare)
|
|
Reflexive Passive | Derived | 3 | 5 |
CARRY (trasportare)
POUR (versare)
PUSH (spingere)
PUT (mettere)
THROW (lanciare)
|
|
Reflexive Passive | Derived | 3 | 10 |
ASK FOR (chiedere)
BRING (portare)
GIVE (dare)
HIDE (nascondere)
SAY (dire)
SEND (inviare)
SHAVE (a body part/person) (radere)
SHOW (mostrare)
TEACH (insegnare)
TELL (raccontare)
|
|
Reflexive Passive | Derived | 4 | 1 |
TIE (legare)
|
|
Reflexive Passive | Derived | 3 | 10 |
BEAT (colpire)
BREAK (rompere)
BURN (tr) (bruciare)
COVER (coprire)
CUT (tagliare)
FILL (riempire)
GRIND (macinare)
HIT (urtare)
KILL (uccidere)
TOUCH (toccare)
|
|
Reflexive Passive | Derived | 3 | 4 |
CLEAN (pulire)
GET (ricevere)
TAKE (prendere)
TEAR (strappare)
WIPE (pulire)
|
|
Reflexive Passive | Derived | 3 | 2 |
BUILD (costruire)
MAKE (fare)
|
|
Reflexive Passive | Derived | 3 | 1 |
NAME (chiamare)
|
|
Reflexive Passive | Derived | 3 | 1 |
LOAD (caricare)
|
|
Locative Alternation | Derived | 3 | 1 |
LOAD (caricare)
|
|
Anticausative (coded) | Derived | 1 | 1 |
COOK (cuocere)
|
|
Anticausative (coded) | Derived | 2 | 1 |
POUR (versare)
|
|
Anticausative (coded) | Derived | 2 | 1 |
HIDE (nascondere)
|
|
Anticausative (coded) | Derived | 2 | 5 |
BREAK (rompere)
BURN (tr) (bruciare)
COVER (coprire)
CUT (tagliare)
FILL (riempire)
|
|
Anticausative (coded) | Derived | 2 | 1 |
TEAR (strappare)
|
|
Anticausative (coded) | Derived | 2 | 1 |
LOAD (caricare)
|
|
Direct Reciprocal Reflexive | Derived | 2 | 18 |
DRESS (vestire)
FEAR (temere)
FOLLOW (seguire)
FRIGHTEN (spaventare)
HEAR (sentire)
HELP (aiutare)
HUG (abbracciare)
KNOW (conoscere)
LEAVE (lasciare)
LIKE (piacere)
LOOK AT (guardare)
MEET (incontrare)
SEARCH FOR (cercare)
SEE (vedere)
SHOUT AT (sgridare)
SMELL (odorare)
WANT (volere)
WASH (lavare)
|
|
Direct Reciprocal Reflexive | Derived | 3 | 3 |
CARRY (trasportare)
PUSH (spingere)
THROW (lanciare)
|
|
Direct Reciprocal Reflexive | Derived | 4 | 1 |
TIE (legare)
|
|
Direct Reciprocal Reflexive | Derived | 3 | 6 |
BEAT (colpire)
COVER (coprire)
CUT (tagliare)
HIT (urtare)
KILL (uccidere)
TOUCH (toccare)
|
|
Direct Reciprocal Reflexive | Derived | 3 | 1 |
NAME (chiamare)
|
|
Anticausative (uncoded) | Derived | 1 | 5 |
BOIL (tr) (bollire)
BURN (tr) (bruciare)
COOK (cuocere)
ROLL (tr) (rotolare)
SINK (tr) (affondare)
|
|
D |
Impersonal Reflexive | Derived | 0 | 14 |
APPEAR (apparire)
BE HUNGRY (avere fame, essere affamato)
BE ILL (essere malato)
BE SAD (essere triste)
BLINK (sbattere le palpebre)
COUGH (tossire)
CRY (piangere)
DIE (morire)
FALL (cadere)
JUMP (saltare)
RUN (correre)
SCREAM (urlare)
SING (cantare)
|
Impersonal Reflexive | Derived | 1 | 1 |
THINK (pensare)
|
|
Impersonal Reflexive | Derived | 1 | 7 |
FEEL COLD (avere freddo, sentire freddo)
FEEL PAIN (avere dolore, sentire dolore)
GO (andare)
LIVE (abitare)
SIT (sedere)
|
|
Impersonal Reflexive | Derived | 1 | 24 |
BOIL (tr) (bollire)
CLIMB (scalare)
COOK (cuocere)
DIG (dissotterrare)
EAT (mangiare)
FEAR (temere)
FOLLOW (seguire)
FRIGHTEN (spaventare)
HELP (aiutare)
HUG (abbracciare)
KNOW (conoscere)
LEAVE (lasciare)
LOOK AT (guardare)
MEET (incontrare)
PEEL (sbucciare)
ROLL (tr) (rotolare)
SEARCH FOR (cercare)
SEE (vedere)
SHOUT AT (sgridare)
SMELL (odorare)
WANT (volere)
WASH (lavare)
|
|
Impersonal Reflexive | Derived | 2 | 5 |
CARRY (trasportare)
POUR (versare)
PUSH (spingere)
PUT (mettere)
THROW (lanciare)
|
|
Impersonal Reflexive | Derived | 2 | 10 |
ASK FOR (chiedere)
BRING (portare)
GIVE (dare)
HIDE (nascondere)
SAY (dire)
SEND (inviare)
SHAVE (a body part/person) (radere)
SHOW (mostrare)
TEACH (insegnare)
TELL (raccontare)
|
|
Impersonal Reflexive | Derived | 3 | 1 |
TIE (legare)
|
|
Impersonal Reflexive | Derived | 2 | 12 |
ASSASSINATE (assassinare)
BEAT (colpire)
BREAK (rompere)
BURN (tr) (bruciare)
COVER (coprire)
CUT (tagliare)
FILL (riempire)
GRIND (macinare)
HIT (urtare)
KILL (uccidere)
SINK (tr) (affondare)
TOUCH (toccare)
|
|
Impersonal Reflexive | Derived | 2 | 4 |
CLEAN (pulire)
GET (ricevere)
TAKE (prendere)
TEAR (strappare)
WIPE (pulire)
|
|
Impersonal Reflexive | Derived | 2 | 2 |
BUILD (costruire)
MAKE (fare)
|
|
Impersonal Reflexive | Derived | 2 | 1 |
NAME (chiamare)
|
|
Impersonal Reflexive | Derived | 1 | 1 |
PLAY (giocare)
|
|
Impersonal Reflexive | Derived | 2 | 1 |
LEAVE (partire)
|
|
Impersonal Reflexive | Derived | 1 | 1 |
LAUGH (ridere)
|
|
Impersonal Reflexive | Derived | 2 | 1 |
LOAD (caricare)
|
|
Causative | Derived | 3 | 26 |
BOIL (tr) (bollire)
CLIMB (scalare)
COOK (cuocere)
DIG (dissotterrare)
DRESS (vestire)
EAT (mangiare)
FEAR (temere)
FOLLOW (seguire)
FRIGHTEN (spaventare)
HELP (aiutare)
HUG (abbracciare)
KNOW (conoscere)
LEAVE (lasciare)
LIKE (piacere)
LOOK AT (guardare)
MEET (incontrare)
PEEL (sbucciare)
ROLL (tr) (rotolare)
SEARCH FOR (cercare)
SEE (vedere)
SHOUT AT (sgridare)
SMELL (odorare)
WANT (volere)
WASH (lavare)
|
|
Causative | Derived | 3 | 8 |
FEEL COLD (avere freddo, sentire freddo)
FEEL PAIN (avere dolore, sentire dolore)
GO (andare)
LIVE (abitare)
SIT (sedere)
SIT DOWN (sedersi)
|
|
Causative | Derived | 2 | 15 |
APPEAR (apparire)
BE DRY (essere arido)
BE HUNGRY (avere fame, essere affamato)
BE ILL (essere malato)
BE SAD (essere triste)
BLINK (sbattere le palpebre)
COUGH (tossire)
CRY (piangere)
DIE (morire)
FALL (cadere)
JUMP (saltare)
RUN (correre)
SCREAM (urlare)
SING (cantare)
|
|
B |
– | Basic | 0 | 1 |
BE A HUNTER (no verbal counterpart)
|
Causative | Derived | 3 | 1 |
THINK (pensare)
|
|
Causative | Derived | 4 | 5 |
CARRY (trasportare)
POUR (versare)
PUSH (spingere)
PUT (mettere)
THROW (lanciare)
|
|
Causative | Derived | 4 | 10 |
ASK FOR (chiedere)
BRING (portare)
GIVE (dare)
HIDE (nascondere)
SAY (dire)
SEND (inviare)
SHAVE (a body part/person) (radere)
SHOW (mostrare)
TEACH (insegnare)
TELL (raccontare)
|
|
Impersonal Passive | Derived | 1 | 19 |
CLEAN (pulire)
CRY (piangere)
DRESS (vestire)
FEAR (temere)
FOLLOW (seguire)
FRIGHTEN (spaventare)
GET (ricevere)
HELP (aiutare)
HUG (abbracciare)
KNOW (conoscere)
LEAVE (lasciare)
LOOK AT (guardare)
SEARCH FOR (cercare)
SEE (vedere)
SHOUT AT (sgridare)
SMELL (odorare)
WASH (lavare)
WIPE (pulire)
|
|
Impersonal Passive | Derived | 2 | 3 |
CARRY (trasportare)
PUSH (spingere)
PUT (mettere)
|
|
Impersonal Passive | Derived | 2 | 5 |
BRING (portare)
HIDE (nascondere)
SEND (inviare)
SHAVE (a body part/person) (radere)
SHOW (mostrare)
|
|
Impersonal Passive | Derived | 3 | 1 |
TIE (legare)
|
|
Impersonal Passive | Derived | 2 | 8 |
ASSASSINATE (assassinare)
BEAT (colpire)
BURN (tr) (bruciare)
COVER (coprire)
FILL (riempire)
HIT (urtare)
KILL (uccidere)
TOUCH (toccare)
|
|
Impersonal Passive | Derived | 2 | 1 |
NAME (chiamare)
|
|
Impersonal Passive | Derived | 2 | 1 |
LOAD (caricare)
|
|
Causative | Derived | 5 | 1 |
TIE (legare)
|
|
Causative | Derived | 4 | 12 |
ASSASSINATE (assassinare)
BEAT (colpire)
BREAK (rompere)
BURN (tr) (bruciare)
COVER (coprire)
CUT (tagliare)
FILL (riempire)
GRIND (macinare)
HIT (urtare)
KILL (uccidere)
SINK (tr) (affondare)
TOUCH (toccare)
|
|
Causative | Derived | 4 | 4 |
CLEAN (pulire)
GET (ricevere)
TAKE (prendere)
TEAR (strappare)
WIPE (pulire)
|
|
Causative | Derived | 4 | 2 |
BUILD (costruire)
MAKE (fare)
|
|
Causative | Derived | 4 | 1 |
NAME (chiamare)
|
|
Causative | Derived | 3 | 1 |
PLAY (giocare)
|
|
Causative | Derived | 4 | 1 |
LEAVE (partire)
|
|
Causative | Derived | 3 | 1 |
LAUGH (ridere)
|
|
Causative | Derived | 4 | 1 |
LOAD (caricare)
|
|
Causative | Derived | 1 | 1 |
RAIN (piovere)
|
|
– | Basic | 3 | 1 |
TALK (parlare)
|
|
– | Basic | 4 | 1 |
STEAL (rubare)
|
|
Object Omission | Derived | 3 | 1 |
STEAL (rubare)
|
|
Passive | Derived | 4 | 1 |
STEAL (rubare)
|
|
Indirect Reciprocal Reflexive | Derived | 3 | 12 |
ASK FOR (chiedere)
BRING (portare)
GIVE (dare)
HIDE (nascondere)
SAY (dire)
SEND (inviare)
SHAVE (a body part/person) (radere)
SHOW (mostrare)
TAKE (prendere)
TEACH (insegnare)
TEAR (strappare)
TELL (raccontare)
|
|
Reflexive Passive | Derived | 4 | 1 |
STEAL (rubare)
|
|
Impersonal Reflexive | Derived | 2 | 1 |
TALK (parlare)
|
|
Impersonal Reflexive | Derived | 3 | 1 |
STEAL (rubare)
|
|
Direct Reciprocal Reflexive | Derived | 3 | 1 |
HIDE (nascondere)
|
|
Indirect Reciprocal Reflexive | Derived | 3 | 3 |
COOK (cuocere)
PEEL (sbucciare)
WASH (lavare)
|
|
Indirect Reciprocal Reflexive | Derived | 4 | 1 |
STEAL (rubare)
|
|
Indirect Reciprocal Reflexive | Derived | 4 | 3 |
BREAK (rompere)
CUT (tagliare)
FILL (riempire)
|
|
Indirect Reciprocal Reflexive | Derived | 4 | 1 |
MAKE (fare)
|
|
Applicative | Derived | 2 | 1 |
SCREAM (urlare)
|
|
Causative | Derived | 4 | 1 |
TALK (parlare)
|
|
Causative | Derived | 5 | 1 |
STEAL (rubare)
|
|
Indirect Reciprocal Reflexive | Derived | 4 | 4 |
CARRY (trasportare)
POUR (versare)
PUT (mettere)
THROW (lanciare)
|