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Coding frame

1-nom V.agr[1] 2-acc (með+3-dat)

Example

(41)

Strákurinn sló snákinn með priki.

strákur-inn

boy-the.nom

sló

hit

snák-inn

snake-the.acc

með

with

priki

stick.dat

‘The boy hit the snake with a stick.’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	HIT	Coding set	Argument type
1	hitter	NP-nom & V.agr	A
2	hittee	NP-acc	P
3	hitting instrument	með +NP-dat	I

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Coded?	Derived Coding frame	Examples
C Reciprocal Alternation more info	RRegularly	y	1/2-nom rcpV'.agr[1/2]	(122) Strákarnir slógust. ‘The boys fought.’ ★
C Nominative Passive more info	RRegularly	y	2-nom passV'.agr[2]	(173) Snákurinn var sleginn. ‘The snake was hit.’ ★
C Impersonal passive more info	RRegularly	y	x-nom passV'.agr[x] 2-acc	(256) Það var slegið strákinn í gær. ‘The boy was hit yesterday.’ ★
U Dative Subject Ambitransitive vs. Transitive more info	NNever	n
U Obj.dat vs. Obj.acc more info	NNever	n
U Nom-Dat vs. Dat-Nom more info	NNever	n
C Ambitransitive alternation with umlaut and -na more info	NNever	y
C Ambitransitive alt. with -ja more info	NNever	y
U Dative alternation (PP) more info	NNever	n
U Dative alternation (Dat-Acc) more info	NNever	n
U Locative Alternation with T.acc +með I.dat more info	NNever	n
U Transitive from intransitive more info	NNever	n
U Caused-motion from intransitive more info	NNever	n
U Ambitransitive more info	NNever	n
U Accusative Subject Ambitransitive vs. Transitive more info	NNever	n
U It–he alternation more info	NNever	n
U Middle more info	NNever	n
C Mediopassive (middle) more info	RRegularly	y	2-nom medV'.agr[2]	(317) Glugginn slóst til og frá í vindinum. ‘The window was banging back and forth in the wind.’ ★
C Reflexive (mediopassive form) more info	NNever	y
U PP vs. Genitive Object more info	NNever	n
C Genitive Passive more info	NNever	y
C Dative passive more info	NNever	y
U Genitive Subject Ambitransitive vs. Transitive more info	NNever	n
U Dat-Acc Ambiditransitive more info	NNever	n
C Impersonal mediopassive more info	NNever	y
C Ambitransitive with conjugation variation more info	NNever	y
U Prepositional Object alternation more info	NNever	n
U Direct Object alternation more info	NNever	n

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

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Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Example × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Example