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Coding frame

1-nom V.agr[1] 2-acc

Example

(11)

Björninn hræddi manninn.

björn-inn

bear-the.nom

hræddi

frightened

mann-inn

man-the.acc

‘The bear frightened the man.’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	FRIGHTEN	Coding set	Argument type
1	frightener	NP-nom & V.agr	A
2	frightenee	NP-acc	P

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Coded?	Derived Coding frame	Examples
C Mediopassive (middle) more info	RRegularly	y	2-nom medV'.agr[2]	(147) Maðurinn hræðist björninn. ‘The man fears the bear.’ ★
C Nominative Passive more info	RRegularly	y	2-nom passV'.agr[2]	(148) Maðurinn var hræddur til þess að ... ‘The man was frightened (in order) to ...’ ★
C Impersonal passive more info	MMarginally	y		(240) Það var hrætt manninn til að ... ‘The man was scared into ...’ ★
U Obj.dat vs. Obj.acc more info	NNever	n
U Nom-Dat vs. Dat-Nom more info	NNever	n
C Reciprocal Alternation more info	NNever	y
C Ambitransitive alternation with umlaut and -na more info	NNever	y
C Ambitransitive alt. with -ja more info	NNever	y
U Dative alternation (PP) more info	NNever	n
U Dative alternation (Dat-Acc) more info	NNever	n
U Locative Alternation with T.acc +með I.dat more info	NNever	n
U Transitive from intransitive more info	NNever	n
U Caused-motion from intransitive more info	NNever	n
U Ambitransitive more info	NNever	n
U Accusative Subject Ambitransitive vs. Transitive more info	NNever	n
U It–he alternation more info	NNever	n
U Dative Subject Ambitransitive vs. Transitive more info	NNever	n
U Middle more info	NNever	n
C Reflexive (mediopassive form) more info	NNever	y
U PP vs. Genitive Object more info	NNever	n
C Genitive Passive more info	NNever	y
C Dative passive more info	NNever	y
U Genitive Subject Ambitransitive vs. Transitive more info	NNever	n
U Dat-Acc Ambiditransitive more info	NNever	n
C Impersonal mediopassive more info	NNever	y
C Ambitransitive with conjugation variation more info	NNever	y
U Prepositional Object alternation more info	NNever	n
U Direct Object alternation more info	NNever	n

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

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Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Example × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Example