hožu

Coding frame

1 2 LOC3 und[2].act[1].V

Simplex Verb form

Examples

(645)

Wiirarutira kšee waažu.

wiiraruti=ra

trailer=DEF

kšee

apple

ho<ha>žu

<1E.A>put.in

‘I loaded apples on the trailer.’

★

(1255)

Kšeera wiirarutieja wowaažu.

kšee=ra

apple=DEF

wiiraruti-eja

trailer-there

wa-ho<ha>žu

OBJ.3PL-<1E.A>put.in

‘I loaded apples on the trailer.’

★

Verb meanings , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	LOAD	PUT	Coding set	Argument type
1	loader	putter	act.V	A
2	loaded thing	put thing	obj:und.V	P
3	loading place	putting goal	LOC	L

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Comment	Coded?	Derived Coding frame	Examples
C Benefactive/possession of U (+gi) more info	RRegularly		y	1 2 4 (LOC3) und[4].und[2].act[1].V'ben	(646) Wiirarutieja kšee hųųgižuire. ‘They put apples for me on the trailer.’ ★ (648) Waaruc hihakeja kšeera waįragižuną? ‘Can you put the apples on the table for me?’ ★ (1256) Kšeera hanąąc woįgižuire. ‘They put apples for me on the trailer.’ ★
C Instrumental applicative (+hi) more info	NNever		y
C Locative applicative I (inessive) (+ho) more info	NNever		y
C Locative applicative II (superessive) (+ha) more info	RRegularly	ha- replaces ho-	y	1 2 (LOC)3 und[3].und[2].act[1].V'loc	(647) Kšeera hanąąc waaruceja waaražu? ‘Did you pout the apples onto the table?’ ★ (1257) Waarucra hanąąc kšee waaražu? ‘Did you put apples on all the tables?’ ★
C Reflexive (+kii) more info	RRegularly		y	1/2 (LOC3) act[1/2].V'rfl/rcp	(651) Peexra nįįsgu hokižu. ‘He put salt in his container for himself.’ ★
C Reciprocal (+kiki) more info	RRegularly		y	1/2 (LOC3) act[1/2].V'rfl/rcp	(653) Žuura hocieja žuuraxete hoki(ki)žuire. ‘At the bank they put money in each other's bank account.’ ★
C Possessive reflexive (+kara) more info	RRegularly	also in combination with gi-, cf. ex 1047, this combination however is marginal and not accepted by all speakers	y		(649) Wagujera pųųzake waakaražu. ‘I put sand into my shoes.’ ★ (1035) Kųnųga wasgešorošra wažąrustak hora(kara)gižu? ‘Did you put oatmeal in your Kunu's bowl?’ ★
C Reflexive & possessive reflexive (+ kii + kara) more info	RRegularly		y
C Instrumental & benefactive (+ hi + gi) more info	NNever		y
C Superessive & reflexive/reciprocal (+ ha + kii) more info	MMarginally	ha- replaces ho-	y		(652) Teišge wažąrustakra wikįnį haakižu. ‘I put lard on my oatmeal for myself.’ ★
C Inessive & reflexive (+ ho + kii) more info	NNever		y
C Coercive/default causative (hii) more info	RRegularly		y		(1259) Kookxeteeja kšee hožu wįįre. ‘They made me put the apples in the crate.’ ★
C Reflexive causative (kįį) more info	RRegularly		y		(656) Žuura xete waahira žuuroocieja hožu hakį. ‘I won big money and I made myself put it in the bank.’ ★
C Permissive causative (gigi) more info	RRegularly		y		(655) Kookxeteeja kšee hožu hįgigiire. ‘They let me put the apples in the crate.’ ★ (1357) Hocįcįra kookxeteeja kšee hožu waįgigiire. ‘They let my boys put my apples in the crate.’ ★
C Resultative alternation more info	NNever		y
C Resultative & causative more info	NNever		y
C Superessive & benefactive (+ ha + gi) more info	RRegularly	ha- replaces ho-	y		(1258) Kšeera waaruceja waįragižuną? ‘Can you put the apples on the table?’ ★
C Inessive & benefactive (+ ho + gi) more info	NNever		y
C Superessive & possessive reflexive (+ ha + kara) more info	RRegularly	ha- replaces ho-	y		(650) Wiirarutira kšee haakaražu. ‘I loaded my trailer with apples.’ ★
C Inessive & possessive reflexive (+ ho + kara) more info	NNever		y
C Instrumental & possessive reflexive (+ hi + kara) more info	MMarginally		y		(654) Žuuroociregi žuura waakikaražu haje. ‘I'm at the bank putting money into my account.’ ★
C Instrumental & reflexive (+ hi + kii) more info	NNever		y
C Detransitive / slot filler (wa-) more info	NNever		y
C Possessive reflexive causative (karagi) more info	RRegularly		y		(1034) Nįįkjąk waašįnįra mąąxra hožu warakaragi? ‘Did you make your kids plant the garden?’ ★ (1308) Mąąx hašįnįra hožu warakaragi? ‘Did you have them plant your fields?’ ★
C Facilitative alternation more info	NNever		y

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

hožu

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples