rusgic

Coding frame

1 2 und[2].act[1].V

Simplex Verb form

Examples

(546)

Waguje siikąną wašurusgic?

waguje_siką=ra

shoelace=DEF

wa-šu-rusgic

OBJ.3PL-2.A-tie

‘Did you tie the shoe laces?’

★

(550)

Waginą hare hi'ųanąga šurusgic?

waginą

rope

haare

be.rotten

hi'ų-anąga

use-and

šu-rusgic

2.A-tie

‘Did you tie it with a rotten rope?’

★

(1380)

Nąąksikra hanąąc warusgisgiciragįnį.

nąąksik=ra

stick=DEF

hanąąc

all

wa-rusgi<sgi>c-ire=gįnį

OBJ.3PL-<RDP>tie-SBJ.3PL=already

‘They tied up all the sticks already.’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	TIE	Coding set	Argument type
1	tier	act.V	A
2	tied thing	obj:und.V	P

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Comment	Coded?	Derived Coding frame	Examples
C Benefactive/possession of U (+gi) more info	RRegularly		y	1 2 4 und[4].und[2].act[1].V'ben	(548) Waguje siikąną waįragišurusgicną? ‘Can you tie my shoelaces?’ ★ (881) Žuurara hanąąc hįgirusire. ‘They took all my money.’ ★
C Instrumental applicative (+hi) more info	RRegularly	also hi- plus ha-, see ex 559	y	1 2 5 und[5].und[2].act[1].V'inst	(549) Šųųkxetera nąąboozaija hirašurusgic? ‘Did you tie the horse to the tree?’ ★ (551) Warušiną wažątire hihakeja hirarusgicire. ‘They tied the bundle on top of the car.’ ★
C Locative applicative I (inessive) (+ho) more info	MMarginally	mostly used as a noun	y		(553) Horusgicra meežeegų hiire. ‘Tie it like this.’ ★
C Locative applicative II (superessive) (+ha) more info	NNever	only with hi- --> hira-	y		(551) Warušiną wažątire hihakeja hirarusgicire. ‘They tied the bundle on top of the car.’ ★
C Reflexive (+kii) more info	RRegularly		y	1/2 act[1/2].V'rfl/rcp	(998) Wijukįkra waginą hišgaacjaa'ų, eexjį kiirusgicšąną. ‘The cat was playing with the string and tied himself up.’ ★
C Reciprocal (+kiki) more info	RRegularly		y	1/2 act[1/2].V'rfl/rcp	(556) Nįįkjąkra sgaacnąąknąga ki(ki)rusgic nąą'įire. ‘The children were playing and they tried to tie up each other.’ ★ (999) Hocįcįįkra ceehirakara šgaacireanąga, kikirusgicire. ‘The boys were playing cowboys and they tied each other up.’ ★
C Possessive reflexive (+kara) more info	RRegularly		y		(547) Waguje siikąną warakurusgic? ‘Did you tie your shoe laces?’ ★
C Reflexive & possessive reflexive (+ kii + kara) more info	RRegularly		y		(1304) Wijukįkra waginą hišgaacjaa'ų, eexjį kiikurusgicšąną. ‘The cat was playing with the string and tied himself up.’ ★
C Instrumental & benefactive (+ hi + gi) more info	MMarginally		y		(552) Zeenįbara nąąjueja hiragirusgicre. ‘Tie the ribbon in her hair.’ ★ (555) Šųųkxete nąąboozaija hiraįragišurusgicną? ‘Can you tie my horse to the tree?’ ★
C Superessive & reflexive/reciprocal (+ ha + kii) more info	MMarginally	only with CAUS	y		(996) Noixgara hakirusgic wahiire! ‘Tie the strips of wood together!’ ★
C Inessive & reflexive (+ ho + kii) more info	NNever		y
C Coercive/default causative (hii) more info	RRegularly		y	6 1 2 und[2].und[1].act[6].V'caus	(557) Hoo higisikra hikinų hikirusgic wahiire. ‘They got the fish lines tied together accidentally.’ ★ (996) Noixgara hakirusgic wahiire! ‘Tie the strips of wood together!’ ★ (997) Ciišuxetera nee warusgic wįįre. ‘They made me put the lodge poles together.’ ★
C Reflexive causative (kįį) more info	NNever	no context can be found, but it might be possible	y		(1000) *Hikinų rusgic hakį. ‘I made my self tie it by accident.’ ★
C Permissive causative (gigi) more info	RRegularly		y	6 1 2 und[2].und[1].act[6].V'caus	(558) Waguje siiką(ną)ra nee warusgic hįgigiire. ‘They let me tie the shoe laces.’ ★ (1302) Ciišuxetera nee warusgic hįgigiire. ‘They let me put the lodge poles together.’ ★ (1303) Ciišuxetera nee rusgic waįgigiire. ‘They let me put the lodge poles together.’ ★
C Resultative alternation more info	NNever		y
C Resultative & causative more info	NNever		y
C Superessive & benefactive (+ ha + gi) more info	NNever	only with hi-	y		(555) Šųųkxete nąąboozaija hiraįragišurusgicną? ‘Can you tie my horse to the tree?’ ★
C Inessive & benefactive (+ ho + gi) more info	NNever		y
C Superessive & possessive reflexive (+ ha + kara) more info	NNever		y
C Inessive & possessive reflexive (+ ho + kara) more info	NNever		y
C Instrumental & possessive reflexive (+ hi + kara) more info	MMarginally		y		(554) Šųųkxetera nąąboozaija hiraakurusgic. ‘I tied my horse to the tree.’ ★
C Instrumental & reflexive (+ hi + kii) more info	NNever	only with CAUS	y		(557) Hoo higisikra hikinų hikirusgic wahiire. ‘They got the fish lines tied together accidentally.’ ★
C Detransitive / slot filler (wa-) more info	NNever		y
C Possessive reflexive causative (karagi) more info	RRegularly		y	6 1 2 und[2].und[1].act[6].V'caus	(1001) Too hagihiwira, Kųnųga pąąra ee rusgic hakaragi. ‘We were picking potatoes and I made my Kunu tie his/the bag.’ ★
C Facilitative alternation more info	NNever		y

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

rusgic

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples