t'ąą(t'ą)p

Coding frame

1 act[1].V

Simplex Verb form

Example

(519)

Wažąhižą nąąxgųra, hat'ąp hajikere.

wažą-hižą

something-one

nąą<ha>xgų=ra

<1E.A>hear=DEF

ha-t'ąąp

1E.A-jump

ha-jikere

1E.A-do.suddenly

‘I heard something and I jumped.’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	JUMP	Coding set	Argument type
1	jumper	act.V	X

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Comment	Coded?	Derived Coding frame	Examples
C Benefactive/possession of U (+gi) more info	RRegularly		y	1 3 und[3].act[1].V'ben	(520) Hicooke raaga nąąwąnąkšąną, git'ąt'ąpre. ‘Your grandpa is singing, jump for him.’ ★ (522) Nąąwacakra hįragit'ąp? ‘Did you jump (over) my fence?’ ★
C Instrumental applicative (+hi) more info	RRegularly		y	1 4 und[4].act[1].V'inst	(526) Nąąwacakra wažą psįįpsįc hit'ąpire. ‘They jumped the fence with that trampoline/springy device.’ ★
C Locative applicative I (inessive) (+ho) more info	RRegularly	hot'ąp means 'start sth.'	y	1 LOC5 und[5].act[1].V'loc	(1126) Hiraatixete nąąkeeja horat'ąp? ‘Did you jump into the back of the truck?’ ★ (1127) Haašjek mąąxra, hanąąc woorat'ąpwi? ‘Did you jump into all the strawberry fields already (meaning did you start using all of them)?’ ★
C Locative applicative II (superessive) (+ha) more info	RRegularly		y	1 LOC5 und[5].act[1].V'loc	(521) Caara hanąąc nąąwacakra hat'ąp(jikera)ire. ‘The deer jumped over the fence.’ ★ (523) Nąąwacakra haakarat'ąpšąną. ‘I jumped over my fence.’ ★
C Reflexive (+kii) more info	NNever		y
C Reciprocal (+kiki) more info	NNever	only with ha-	y		(524) Heerajoxra hakikikt'ąpnąąkšąną. ‘The monkeys are jumping onto/over one another.’ ★
C Possessive reflexive (+kara) more info	RRegularly		y
C Reflexive & possessive reflexive (+ kii + kara) more info	NNever		y
C Instrumental & benefactive (+ hi + gi) more info	NNever	maybe in an odd context	y
C Superessive & reflexive/reciprocal (+ ha + kii) more info	RRegularly	only with reciprocal meaning	y
C Inessive & reflexive (+ ho + kii) more info	MMarginally		y		(525) Heerajoxra cii waanįirera hokikikt'ąpnąąkšąną. ‘The monkeys are jumping into each other's houses.’ ★
C Coercive/default causative (hii) more info	RRegularly		y	2 1 und[1].act[2].V'caus	(1130) Waši ceek nįgigųs nąą'įirera, t'ąąt'ąp nįįre? ‘When they were teaching you the new dance did they make you jump?’ ★ (1249) Waikąnąkeja t'ąąp wįįre. ‘They made me get off (jump off) the bus.’ ★
C Reflexive causative (kįį) more info	RRegularly		y	2/1 act[2/1].V'caus	(528) Nee hįgiiregejenį, waact'ąija t'ąąp hakį. ‘Because it was my turn I got off the plane.’ ★ (1132) Wašiceek nįgigųs nąą'įirera, t'ąąt'ąp rakįkjeesge? ‘When they were trying to teach you the new dance, did you have to make yourself jump?’ ★
C Permissive causative (gigi) more info	RRegularly		y	2 1 und[1].act[2].V'caus	(527) Waikąnąkeja t'ąąp hįgigiire. ‘They let my me get off (jump off) the bus.’ ★ (1321) Waši ceek nįgigųs nąą'įirera, t'ąąt'ąp nįgigiire? ‘When they were teaching you the new dance did they let you jump?’ ★
C Resultative alternation more info	NNever		y
C Resultative & causative more info	NNever		y
C Superessive & benefactive (+ ha + gi) more info	RRegularly		y
C Inessive & benefactive (+ ho + gi) more info	MMarginally		y		(1128) ?Haašjek mąąx waanįra hanąąc woįragit'ąp? ‘Did you jump into all my strawberry fields?’ ★
C Superessive & possessive reflexive (+ ha + kara) more info	RRegularly		y
C Inessive & possessive reflexive (+ ho + kara) more info	RRegularly		y		(1129) Ciinąąke hiieja paacižą mįįnąkra, hąįnįxjį že'e caa honį hokarat'ąpšąną. ‘The back of his house he had a patch of woods there and early this morning he jumped into there to do his deer hunting.’ ★
C Instrumental & possessive reflexive (+ hi + kara) more info	MMarginally		y		(1125) ??Wiišgacižą giruwįirera, že'e hikarat'ąt'ąp wa'ų. ‘The toy they bought him, he is jumping with it.’ ★
C Instrumental & reflexive (+ hi + kii) more info	NNever		y
C Detransitive / slot filler (wa-) more info	NNever		y
C Possessive reflexive causative (karagi) more info	RRegularly		y	2 1 und[1].act[2].V'caus	(1131) Wašiceek Hinųga ragigųsrajera, t'ąąt'ąp rakaragi? ‘When you were teaching your Hinu the new dance did you make her jump?’ ★
C Facilitative alternation more info	NNever		y

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

t'ąą(t'ą)p

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Example × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Example