bookewe

Coding frame

1 act[1].V

Simplex Verb form

Example

(469)

Jaasgegają boorakewe?

jaasge-gają

how-SEQ

boo<ra>kewe

<2.A>trip/fall

‘What happened, did you trip / how did you do that, did you trip?’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	FALL	Coding set	Argument type
1	fallee	act.V	X

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Comment	Coded?	Derived Coding frame	Examples
C Benefactive/possession of U (+gi) more info	NNever		y
C Instrumental applicative (+hi) more info	RRegularly		y	1 4 und[4].act[1].V'inst	(468) Iinįižą eeja nąkre hiboakewe. ‘There was a stone there and I tripped on it.’ ★ (972) Iinį hibokewe wa'ų. ‘He tripped over the rocks.’ ★ (973) Moopoxeja hobokewera, iinįhižą hibokewenąga wa'ų. ‘He tripped into the cave, he had kicked a rock, and that's how he did it.’ ★ (1345) Wagujera hibokarakewe wa'ų. ‘S/he tripped over his/her shoe.’ ★
C Locative applicative I (inessive) (+ho) more info	NNever		y
C Locative applicative II (superessive) (+ha) more info	MMarginally	sounds improper, could be a calque from English	y		(470) Eeja nąąsu mįanąknąk'ų huura hįįbokewe. ‘I was sitting there with legs stretched out and someone tripped over my leg.’ ★ (971) Hokawas rookeja mąąs nąągura haboakewe waa'ų. ‘In the darkness I tripped over the railroad tracks.’ ★ (974) Wagujera habokarakewe wa'ų. ‘S/he tripped over his/her shoe.’ ★
C Reflexive (+kii) more info	NNever		y
C Reciprocal (+kiki) more info	NNever	only with hi-	y
C Possessive reflexive (+kara) more info	NNever		y
C Reflexive & possessive reflexive (+ kii + kara) more info	MMarginally		y		(976) Caapną hikiisik kikišgaacnąąk'ų hinįk hiira bookikarakewe. ‘They were playing lacrosse and he tripped over his son.’ ★
C Instrumental & benefactive (+ hi + gi) more info	NNever		y
C Superessive & reflexive/reciprocal (+ ha + kii) more info	NNever		y
C Inessive & reflexive (+ ho + kii) more info	NNever		y
C Coercive/default causative (hii) more info	RRegularly		y	2 1 und[1].act[2].V'caus	(471) Hįkųhe hįšiirera, bookewe wįįre. ‘They made me hurry and they made me trip.’ ★ (472) Nųųwąk šiiregają, bookewe hiire. ‘They told him to run and they made him fall.’ ★
C Reflexive causative (kįį) more info	RRegularly		y	2/1 act[2/1].V'caus	(978) Iinį hižą nąąxjaknąga, neexjį bookewe hakį. ‘I kicked the rock and made myself stumble.’ ★
C Permissive causative (gigi) more info	MMarginally		y		(977) Hinįk haara mąąšją šgaacnąąk'ų, bookewe hįgigiire. ‘They caused my son to stumble when they were playing rough.’ ★ (1248) Nųųwąk šiiregają, bookewe gigiire. ‘They told him to run and they made him fall.’ ★
C Resultative alternation more info	NNever		y
C Resultative & causative more info	NNever		y
C Superessive & benefactive (+ ha + gi) more info	NNever		y
C Inessive & benefactive (+ ho + gi) more info	NNever		y
C Superessive & possessive reflexive (+ ha + kara) more info	MMarginally		y
C Inessive & possessive reflexive (+ ho + kara) more info	NNever		y
C Instrumental & possessive reflexive (+ hi + kara) more info	NNever		y
C Instrumental & reflexive (+ hi + kii) more info	MMarginally		y		(975) Caapną hikiisik šgaacnąąk'ų hibokikikawaire. ‘They tripped over each other playing lacrosse.’ ★
C Detransitive / slot filler (wa-) more info	NNever		y
C Possessive reflexive causative (karagi) more info	RRegularly		y	2 1 und[1].act[2].V'caus	(979) Nąągura nųųwąk hatuce nąą'įwigają, hinįk haara bookewe hakaragi. ‘We tried to run across the road and I caused my son to stumble/fall down.’ ★
C Facilitative alternation more info	NNever		y

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

bookewe

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Example × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Example