ruuc

Coding frame

1 2 und[2].act[1].V

Simplex Verb form

Examples

(432)

Kšeenąkre raacikjene?

kšee=nąkre

apple=POS.NTL:PROX

raac-i-kjene

eat\2.A-0-FUT

‘Are you going to eat this apple?’

★

(433)

Kšeenąąkre hanąąc waracikjene?

kšee=nąąkre

apple=POS.NTL.PL:PROX

hanąąc

all

wa-raac-i-kjene

OBJ.3PL-eat\2.A-0-FUT

‘Are you going to eat all of these apples?’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	EAT	Coding set	Argument type
1	eater	act.V	A
2	eaten food	obj:und.V	P

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Comment	Coded?	Derived Coding frame	Examples
C Benefactive/possession of U (+gi) more info	RRegularly		y	1 2 4 und[4].und[2].act[1].V'ben	(435) Wanįra hisge hįragiracną? ‘Can you eat some of my meat?’ ★
C Instrumental applicative (+hi) more info	RRegularly		y	1 2 5 und[5].und[2].act[1].V'inst	(444) Nįįpąnąra cuugi hirucre. ‘Eat the soup with a spoon.’ ★
C Locative applicative I (inessive) (+ho) more info	RRegularly		y	1 2 (LOC)3 und[3].und[2].act[1].V'loc	(438) Šųųkxetejeega kšeera pąą rookeja horucjee. ‘The horse is eating the apple in the bag.’ ★
C Locative applicative II (superessive) (+ha) more info	RRegularly		y	1 2 (LOC)3 und[3].und[2].act[1].V'loc	(436) Wasge hihakeja harucre! ‘Eat it over the plate!’ ★
C Reflexive (+kii) more info	NNever		y
C Reciprocal (+kiki) more info	MMarginally	only in the context of cannibalism	y		(441) Wąąkšiknąąka hota ki(ki)ruc wa'ųnąąkže aire. ‘Those people it is said that they eat each other.’ ★
C Possessive reflexive (+kara) more info	RRegularly		y		(440) Kšeera hanąąc neexjį waakurucšąną. ‘I ate all of my apples.’ ★
C Reflexive & possessive reflexive (+ kii + kara) more info	NNever		y
C Instrumental & benefactive (+ hi + gi) more info	MMarginally		y		(445) Nįįpąnąra cuugixeteaka hinįgihacikje. ‘I'm going to eat this soup for you with a spoon.’ ★
C Superessive & reflexive/reciprocal (+ ha + kii) more info	MMarginally		y		(442) Woošgą hanįirera že'e hawa'ų (ha)kirucireže aire. ‘Based on their ways they eat each other.’ ★
C Inessive & reflexive (+ ho + kii) more info	NNever		y
C Coercive/default causative (hii) more info	MMarginally		y		(449) Wikirihujopxete wanįra ruuc wįįre. ‘They made me eat alligator meat.’ ★
C Reflexive causative (kįį) more info	RRegularly		y	6/1 2 und[2].act[6/1].V'caus	(450) Wikirihujopxete wanįra ruuc rakį? ‘Did you make yourself eat the alligator meat?’ ★
C Permissive causative (gigi) more info	RRegularly		y	6 1 2 und[2].und[1].act[6].V'caus	(448) Kšeenąkre ruuc hįgigiire. ‘They let me eat this apple.’ ★
C Resultative alternation more info	NNever		y
C Resultative & causative more info	NNever		y
C Superessive & benefactive (+ ha + gi) more info	MMarginally		y		(437) Wasge hihakregi hįįgirucre! ‘Eat this over the plate for me!’ ★
C Inessive & benefactive (+ ho + gi) more info	MMarginally		y		(439) Šųųkxetera kšeera mąįginųanąga pąą rookeja hųųgirucšąną. ‘The horse stole my apple and ate it in the bag.’ ★
C Superessive & possessive reflexive (+ ha + kara) more info	RRegularly		y
C Inessive & possessive reflexive (+ ho + kara) more info	MMarginally		y		(443) Šųųkxetejeega kšeera pąąeja (ho)kurucšąną. ‘The horse ate his apple in the bag.’ ★
C Instrumental & possessive reflexive (+ hi + kara) more info	MMarginally		y		(446) Nįįpąnąra cuugiižą yaakarahacikjene. ‘I'm going to eat my soup with a spoon.’ ★
C Instrumental & reflexive (+ hi + kii) more info	MMarginally		y		(447) Wąkšiknąąkre nąącuugi kiira hiki(ki)rucireže aire. ‘They say these people only eat each other with wooden spoons.’ ★
C Detransitive / slot filler (wa-) more info	RRegularly		y	1 act[1].V'	(430) Wahacgįnį. ‘I ate already.’ ★ (431) Waracikjene? ‘Are you going to eat?’ ★ (434) Hįwaruc hįrekje. ‘Let's go eat.’ ★
C Possessive reflexive causative (karagi) more info	RRegularly		y	6 1 2 und[2].und[1].act[6].V'caus	(952) Wiicawak tuuc raara, Hinųga ruuc rakaragi? ‘Did you have your Hinu eat that muskrat meat that you cooked?’ ★
C Facilitative alternation more info	NNever		y

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

ruuc

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples