wewį

Coding frame

1 2 und[2].act[1].V

Simplex Verb form

Example

(423)

Hinįk haara peewįhaje.

hinįk

son

haa=ra

have.kin\1E.A=DEF

peewį-ha=jee

think.about(OBJ.3SG)\1E.A-1E.A=POS.VERT

‘I'm thinking about my son.’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	THINK	Coding set	Argument type
1	thinker	act.V	A
2	thought content	obj:und.V	P

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Comment	Coded?	Derived Coding frame	Examples
C Benefactive/possession of U (+gi) more info	RRegularly		y	1 2 4 und[4].und[2].act[1].V'ben	(424) Žee hagipewį. ‘I was thinking about this for him (= I'm thinking about how he's going to do it).’ ★
C Instrumental applicative (+hi) more info	MMarginally		y		(945) Hi'ųnį hiira waagaxhaja hokiišipra, že'e hiwewįanąga nįįšge waagaxhaja ree. ‘Her mother finished school, with that in mind / thinking about that, she also went to school.’ ★ (1298) Hi'ųnį hiira waagaxhaja hokiišipra, že'e hiwewįanąga nįįšge waagaxhaja hokiišipšąną. ‘Her mother finished school, with that in mind / thinking about that, she also finished school.’ ★
C Locative applicative I (inessive) (+ho) more info	NNever		y
C Locative applicative II (superessive) (+ha) more info	NNever		y
C Reflexive (+kii) more info	RRegularly		y	1/2 act[1/2].V'rfl/rcp	(946) Ee kiiwewįxjįanąga, hahi wookarakjee. ‘Thinking about himself he is telling his personal side of things there.’ ★
C Reciprocal (+kiki) more info	RRegularly		y	1/2 act[1/2].V'rfl/rcp	(947) Kikiwewįiraanąga, hahi kikiracąknąąkšąną. ‘They were thinking of each other and boasting of each other (like politicians would do in their speeches).’ ★
C Possessive reflexive (+kara) more info	RRegularly		y		(425) Žee jaasge haakjenegųnį hakewewįnąk. ‘Just how I'm going to do this, I'm thinking about it.’ ★
C Reflexive & possessive reflexive (+ kii + kara) more info	RRegularly		y		(426) Hoišipjį kiikewewįnąąk. ‘They think about themselves all the time.’ ★ (948) Kiikewewįxjį waaje, kiiracąkjeega. ‘He is thinking of himself, and he is boasting there of himself.’ ★
C Instrumental & benefactive (+ hi + gi) more info	NNever		y
C Superessive & reflexive/reciprocal (+ ha + kii) more info	NNever		y
C Inessive & reflexive (+ ho + kii) more info	NNever		y
C Coercive/default causative (hii) more info	RRegularly		y	6 1 2 und[2].und[1].act[6].V'caus	(949) Woorak š'aakižą horakirera, s'ii wewį wįįre. ‘They told an old story and they made me think for a long time.’ ★
C Reflexive causative (kįį) more info	RRegularly		y	6/1 2 und[2].act[6/1].V'caus	(428) Wawewį hakį. ‘I made myself think.’ ★
C Permissive causative (gigi) more info	RRegularly	possessive meaning only	y	6 1 2 und[2].und[1].act[6].V'caus	(427) Wawewį hįgi(g)ire. ‘They made me think about it.’ ★ (429) Wawewį hįgii. ‘It made me think.’ ★ (950) Kųnųga waagaxhajahocieja woore hok'ųirera, mąąšją wewį hįgigiire. ‘The work they gave my Kunu in school, they made him think hard.’ ★ (951) S'iireja Kųnųga wažą waagitakra, žige wewį hagigi. ‘Something I told my Kunu a long time ago, I made him think about it again.’ ★
C Resultative alternation more info	NNever		y
C Resultative & causative more info	NNever		y
C Superessive & benefactive (+ ha + gi) more info	NNever		y
C Inessive & benefactive (+ ho + gi) more info	NNever		y
C Superessive & possessive reflexive (+ ha + kara) more info	NNever		y
C Inessive & possessive reflexive (+ ho + kara) more info	NNever		y
C Instrumental & possessive reflexive (+ hi + kara) more info	NNever		y
C Instrumental & reflexive (+ hi + kii) more info	NNever		y
C Detransitive / slot filler (wa-) more info	MMarginally		y		(427) Wawewį hįgi(g)ire. ‘They made me think about it.’ ★
C Possessive reflexive causative (karagi) more info	RRegularly		y	6 1 2 und[2].und[1].act[6].V'caus	(1299) S'iireja Kųnųga wažą waagitakra, žige wewį hakaragi. ‘Something I told my Kunu a long time ago, I made him think about it again.’ ★
C Facilitative alternation more info	NNever		y

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

wewį

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Example × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Example