hiperes

Coding frame

1 2 und[2].act[1].V

Simplex Verb form

Examples

(229)

Woorak wiiraperesra hanąąc woįragišarakną?

woorak

story

wa-hi<ra>peres=ra

OBJ.3PL-<2.A>know=DEF

hanąąc

all

wa-ho<hį-ra-gi-ša>rak-ną

OBJ.3PL-<1E.U-2.A-APPL.BEN-2.A>tell-POT

‘Can you tell me all the stories you know?’

★

(264)

Nįįkjąknąąka wawiraperes?

nįįkjąk=nąąka

child=POS.NTL.PL:DIST

wa-hi<ra>peres

OBJ.3PL-<2.A>know

‘Do you know those kids?’

★

(268)

(Nąągu) hoixara hawįc haitera yaaperesšąną.

nąągu_hoixa=ra

driveway=DEF

hawįc

more.than.enough

haite=ra

go.through\1E.A=DEF

hi<ha>peres=šąną

<1E.A>know=DECL

‘It struck me all of a sudden that I had just passed the driveway.’

★

(228)

Woorak yaaperesra hanąąc wootakšąną.

woorak

story

hi<ha>peres=ra

<1E.A>know=DEF

hanąąc

all

wa-hotak=šąną

OBJ.3PL-tell\1E.A=DECL

‘I told all the stories I know.’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	KNOW	Coding set	Argument type
1	knower	act.V	A
2	known thing/person	obj:und.V	P

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Comment	Coded?	Derived Coding frame	Examples
C Benefactive/possession of U (+gi) more info	MMarginally	only with POSS of U meaning, otherwise higiperes means 'translate'	y		(265) Hoit'e higiperes nąąžįnįhe. ‘He stood there translating for him.’ ★ (266) Hitek hiira mootakaceja ciijaane že'e higiperesše ee. ‘He knew of his uncle that lived out west.’ ★
C Instrumental applicative (+hi) more info	NNever		y
C Locative applicative I (inessive) (+ho) more info	NNever	hoiperes can mean 'knowledge'	y
C Locative applicative II (superessive) (+ha) more info	NNever	haraperes = 'to remind so of sth., make them recall'-like	y
C Reflexive (+kii) more info	NNever		y
C Reciprocal (+kiki) more info	RRegularly		y	1/2 act[1/2].V'rfl/rcp	(269) Hitokeįknąąka hikikiperes wa'ųnąąkgųnį hire wahii. ‘Those old ladies over there they seem to know each other.’ ★
C Possessive reflexive (+kara) more info	RRegularly		y		(267) Hitek haara mootakaceja ciijaane wąąkšik raašra yaakaraperes waa'ųnąkšąną. ‘My uncle that's living out there I know his Indian name.’ ★
C Reflexive & possessive reflexive (+ kii + kara) more info	NNever		y
C Instrumental & benefactive (+ hi + gi) more info	NNever		y
C Superessive & reflexive/reciprocal (+ ha + kii) more info	NNever		y
C Inessive & reflexive (+ ho + kii) more info	NNever		y
C Coercive/default causative (hii) more info	MMarginally		y		(271) Howaši hostoija wiijaja hi'ųireanąga hanąąc nįįžukjenera hiperes wahiire. ‘At the powwow they used the loudspeaker and made every body know that it was going to rain.’ ★
C Reflexive causative (kįį) more info	RRegularly		y	6/1 2 und[2].act[6/1].V'caus	(272) Xjąnąre wažą ha'e hiirera hąąhere yaahąteanąga hiperes hakį. ‘I made myself know something they were talking about yesterday in my dream.’ ★
C Permissive causative (gigi) more info	MMarginally		y		(270) Howaža hocieja hamįkra jaagu hį'ųra hiperes hįgigiire. ‘I was lying in the hospital and they let me know what was wrong with me.’ ★
C Resultative alternation more info	NNever		y
C Resultative & causative more info	NNever		y
C Superessive & benefactive (+ ha + gi) more info	NNever		y
C Inessive & benefactive (+ ho + gi) more info	NNever		y
C Superessive & possessive reflexive (+ ha + kara) more info	NNever		y
C Inessive & possessive reflexive (+ ho + kara) more info	NNever		y
C Instrumental & possessive reflexive (+ hi + kara) more info	NNever		y
C Instrumental & reflexive (+ hi + kii) more info	NNever		y
C Detransitive / slot filler (wa-) more info	NNever		y
C Possessive reflexive causative (karagi) more info	RRegularly		y	6 1 2 und[2].und[1].act[6].V'caus	(841) Hacįįja howaajira, hiperes hakaragi. ‘I made him aware of where he was from, where he came from (e.g. talking to one of my clan members).’ ★
C Facilitative alternation more info	NNever		y

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

hiperes

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples