waža

Coding frame

1 2 und[2].act[1].V

Simplex Verb form

Example

(174)

Waarucra hanąąc wapaža.

waaruc=ra

table=DEF

hanąąc

all

wa-paaža

OBJ.3PL-wipe\1E.A

‘I've wiped all the tables.’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	WIPE	Coding set	Argument type
1	wiper	act.V	A
2	wiping surface	obj:und.V	P

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Comment	Coded?	Derived Coding frame	Examples
C Benefactive/possession of U (+gi) more info	RRegularly		y	1 2 4 und[4].und[2].act[1].V'ben	(175) Hišjara nįįgipažakjene. ‘I'm going to wipe your face.’ ★ (176) Waarucra waįragišawažaną? ‘Can you wipe the tables for me?’ ★
C Instrumental applicative (+hi) more info	RRegularly		y	1 2 5 und[5].und[2].act[1].V'inst	(184) Wiižukra wikįnįzizip (wa)wiipažakjene. ‘I'm going to wipe the rifles with oil.’ ★
C Locative applicative I (inessive) (+ho) more info	RRegularly		y	1 2 (LOC)3 und[3].und[2].act[1].V'loc	(180) Wiižukra wikįnį hopaža. ‘I wiped oil into the rifle.’ ★
C Locative applicative II (superessive) (+ha) more info	RRegularly		y	1 2 (LOC)3 und[3].und[2].act[1].V'loc	(177) Wiižukra wikįnįzizip hawažaire. ‘They wiped oil on the rifle.’ ★ (1233) Wiižukra hanąąc wikįnįzizip waapaža. ‘I wiped oil on all the rifles.’ ★
C Reflexive (+kii) more info	RRegularly		y	1/2 act[1/2].V'rfl/rcp	(187) Kiiwažare! ‘Wipe yourself!’ ★ (189) Šųųkxetera mąija kiiwaža. ‘The horse wiped himself off on the ground.’ ★
C Reciprocal (+kiki) more info	RRegularly		y	1/2 act[1/2].V'rfl/rcp	(188) Kiikiwažaire. ‘They wiped each other.’ ★
C Possessive reflexive (+kara) more info	RRegularly	means 'wipe off', hikiwaža = 'wipe on'	y		(186) Wiižukra warakawažakjene? ‘Are you going to wipe your rifle?’ ★
C Reflexive & possessive reflexive (+ kii + kara) more info	RRegularly		y		(190) Eexjį kiikawaža. ‘He wiped himself.’ ★
C Instrumental & benefactive (+ hi + gi) more info	MMarginally		y		(178) Wiižukra wikįnįzizip wawiraįgišawažaną? ‘Can you wipe oil on the rifles for me?’ ★ (185) Wiižukra wikįnįzizip wawiragišawažaną? ‘Can you wipe the rifle with oil for them?’ ★
C Superessive & reflexive/reciprocal (+ ha + kii) more info	RRegularly		y		(193) Xuu hirakara wikįnįzizip yaakipaža. ‘I wiped skin protection on myself.’ ★
C Inessive & reflexive (+ ho + kii) more info	RRegularly		y		(194) Reecawašųeja xuu hirakara wikįnįzizip waakipaža. ‘I wiped suntan lotion into my belly button.’ ★
C Coercive/default causative (hii) more info	MMarginally		y		(191) Wagigųsra hocįcįįkra wawaagaxra waža wahii. ‘The teacher made the boys wipe the board.’ ★
C Reflexive causative (kįį) more info	MMarginally		y		(195) Wiižukra xaarekjįra hahi nee waža hakį. ‘I made myself wipe the rusty gun.’ ★
C Permissive causative (gigi) more info	RRegularly		y	6 1 2 und[2].und[1].act[6].V'caus	(192) Wagigųsra hinųkįk woowąkjaane wawaagaxra waža gigi. ‘The teacher made the naughty little girl wipe the board.’ ★
C Resultative alternation more info	NNever		y
C Resultative & causative more info	NNever		y
C Superessive & benefactive (+ ha + gi) more info	RRegularly		y
C Inessive & benefactive (+ ho + gi) more info	RRegularly		y		(181) Wiižukra wiikįnįziizip honįgipažakje? ‘Shall I wipe oil into the rifle for you?’ ★
C Superessive & possessive reflexive (+ ha + kara) more info	RRegularly		y
C Inessive & possessive reflexive (+ ho + kara) more info	RRegularly		y		(183) Wiižukra wikįnįzizip waakawaža. ‘I wiped oil into my rifle.’ ★
C Instrumental & possessive reflexive (+ hi + kara) more info	RRegularly		y		(179) Wiižukra hanąąc wikįnįzizip wawiyaakawaža. ‘I wiped oil on all my rifles.’ ★ (182) Wiižukra wikįnįzizip yaakawaža. ‘I wiped my rifle with oil.’ ★
C Instrumental & reflexive (+ hi + kii) more info	RRegularly	means 'wipe sth. on oneself'	y		(828) Hišjara nįįwaža yaakipaža. ‘I rubbed soap on my face.’ ★
C Detransitive / slot filler (wa-) more info	NNever		y
C Possessive reflexive causative (karagi) more info	RRegularly		y	6 1 2 und[2].und[1].act[6].V'caus	(829) Kųnųga hirohąpra ee waža hakaragi. ‘I made my Kunu wipe the windows.’ ★ (1281) Kųnųga hirohąpra ee wawaža hakaragi. ‘I made my Kunu wipe the windows.’ ★
C Facilitative alternation more info	NNever		y

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

waža

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Example × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Example