hawają

Coding frame

1 2 (LOC3) und[2].act[1].V

Simplex Verb form

Examples

(138)

Waamįnąkra hapaja.

waamįnąk=ra

chair=DEF

hapają

push\1E.A

‘I pushed the chair.’

★

(139)

Hįįwajaire.

ha<hį>wają-ire

<1E.U>push-SBJ.3PL

‘The pushed me.’

★

(141)

Jaagu'ų hįįšawaja?

jaagu'ų

why

ha<hį-ša>wają

<1E.U-2.A>push

‘Why did you push me?’

★

(143)

Waamįnąkra guušigi hawają rehiire!

waamįnąk=ra

chair=DEF

guušigi

over.to.there

hawają

push

rehii-re

do.quickly-IMP

‘Push the chair over to the side!’

★

(144)

Waarucra hakišjek hawająire.

waaruc=ra

table=DEF

hakišjek

together/share

hawają-ire

push-SBJ.3PL

‘They pushed the tables together.’

★

(148)

Waaruc hihakeja hįįwająire.

waaruc

table

hihak-eja

on.top-there

ha<hį>wają-ire

<1E.U>push-SBJ.3PL

‘They pushed me onto the table.’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	PUSH	Coding set	Argument type
1	pusher	act.V	A
2	pushee	obj:und.V	P
3	pushing goal	LOC	L

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Comment	Coded?	Derived Coding frame	Examples
C Benefactive/possession of U (+gi) more info	RRegularly		y	1 2 4 (LOC3) und[4].und[2].act[1].V'ben	(146) Waamįnąk te'e eeja hųųgiwająre. ‘Push this chair over there for me.’ ★ (147) Waamįnąkra hanąąc eeja waįgiwająre. ‘Push all the chairs over there for me.’ ★
C Instrumental applicative (+hi) more info	RRegularly		y	1 2 5 (LOC3) und[5].und[2].act[1].V'inst	(816) Xąąwį howaporokra hanąąc mąąx hagici wažątire wiirawająire. ‘They pushed the bails of hay with a farm vehicle.’ ★
C Locative applicative I (inessive) (+ho) more info	RRegularly	ho- replaces ha-	y	1 2 (LOC)3 und[3].und[2].act[1].V'loc	(140) Hikijąija hųųwajaire. ‘They pushed me aside.’ ★ (142) Jaagu'ų hikijąija hųųšawają. ‘Why did you push me to the side.’ ★ (149) Mąą hošorošeja hųųwająire. ‘They pushed me into the hole in the ground.’ ★ (1227) Waamįnąkra guušigi howająre. ‘Push the chair over to the side.’ ★
C Locative applicative II (superessive) (+ha) more info	NNever	already part of the verb stem	y
C Reflexive (+kii) more info	RRegularly		y	1/2 (LOC3) act[1/2].V'rfl/rcp	(819) Nąąksikserec yaa'ųanąga, waac homįnąk haakipają. ‘I used that long stick and pushed myself in the boat.’ ★ (822) Haakipają ha'ųnąk'ų hijaahi. ‘I pushed myself along and I got there.’ ★
C Reciprocal (+kiki) more info	RRegularly		y	1/2 (LOC3) act[1/2].V'rfl/rcp	(145) Hakiwająire. ‘They were pushing each other.’ ★
C Possessive reflexive (+kara) more info	RRegularly		y
C Reflexive & possessive reflexive (+ kii + kara) more info	RRegularly		y		(1278) Nąąksikserec yaa'ųanąga, waac homįnąk haakikawają. ‘I used that long stick and pushed myself in the boat.’ ★ (1279) Haakikawają ha'ųnąk'ų hijaahi. ‘I pushed myself along and I got there.’ ★
C Instrumental & benefactive (+ hi + gi) more info	RRegularly		y		(817) Xąąwį howaporokra hanąąc mąąx hagici wažątire wiiragiwająire. ‘They pushed his hay bails with a tractor.’ ★
C Superessive & reflexive/reciprocal (+ ha + kii) more info	NNever		y
C Inessive & reflexive (+ ho + kii) more info	RRegularly	ho- replaces ha-	y		(150) Mąą hošorošeja hokiwająire. ‘They pushed each other into the hole / ditch.’ ★
C Coercive/default causative (hii) more info	RRegularly		y	6 1 2 (LOC3) und[2].und[1].act[6].V'caus	(1280) Wažątire šuucra hawają wįįre. ‘They made me push the red car.’ ★
C Reflexive causative (kįį) more info	RRegularly		y	6/1 2 (LOC3) und[2].act[6/1].V'caus	(824) S'ii waapera, wažątire šuucra neexjį iineki hawają hakį. ‘I waited for them for a long time, but then I decided to push the red car myself.’ ★
C Permissive causative (gigi) more info	RRegularly		y	6 1 2 (LOC3) und[2].und[1].act[6].V'caus	(823) Wažątire šuucra hawają hįgigiire. ‘They let me push the red car.’ ★
C Instrumental & reflexive (+ hi + kii) more info	RRegularly		y		(820) Waac homįnąk nąąksikserec yaakipają, wiiceja hahi. ‘I used that long stick and pushed myself in the boat and went to the island.’ ★
C Inessive & possessive reflexive (+ ho + kara) more info	RRegularly	ho- replaces ha-	y		(821) Hiraati gišiš haara, wažątire hot'ųpeja iineki waakawają. ‘The car I broke I pushed it into the garage by myself.’ ★
C Resultative alternation more info	NNever		y
C Resultative & causative more info	NNever		y
C Superessive & benefactive (+ ha + gi) more info	NNever		y
C Inessive & benefactive (+ ho + gi) more info	RRegularly	ho- replaces ha-	y
C Superessive & possessive reflexive (+ ha + kara) more info	NNever		y
C Instrumental & possessive reflexive (+ hi + kara) more info	RRegularly		y		(818) Xąąwį howaporokra hanąąc mąąx hagici wažątire wiirakawająire. ‘They pushed their hay bails with a tractor.’ ★
C Detransitive / slot filler (wa-) more info	NNever		y
C Possessive reflexive causative (karagi) more info	RRegularly		y	6 1 2 (LOC3) und[2].und[1].act[6].V'caus	(825) Heenąga hinįk hiira wažątire šuucra ee hawają karagi. ‘Heena made his son push the red car.’ ★
C Facilitative alternation more info	NNever		y

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

hawają

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples