gigųs

Coding frame

1 2 (3) und[2].act[1].V

Simplex Verb form

Examples

(124)

Wagax ųųra hįgigųsire.

wagax

write

ųų=ra

do/make=DEF

hį-gigųs-ire

1E.U-teach-SBJ.3PL

‘They taught me how to write.’

★

(125)

Nįįpra hįragigųsną?

nįįp=ra

swim=DEF

hį-ra-gigųs-ną

1E.U-2.A-teach-POT

‘Can you teach me how to swim?’

★

(126)

Hoocąk hit'e nįįgigųsikjene.

Hoocąk

Hoocąk

hit'e

talk

nįį-gigųs-i-kjene

1&2-teach-0-FUT

‘I will teach you Hoocak.’

★

(127)

Nįįkjąk ee waanįra wanąp'įikišere waagigųs hįšįį.

nįįkjąk

child

3EMPH

wa-hanį=ra

OBJ.3PL-have.NTL=DEF

wanąp'į-hikišere

beads-work.with

wa-ha-gigųs

OBJ.3PL-1E.A-teach

hį-šii

1E.U-tell.to.do

‘She told me to teach her children.’

★

(130)

Nįįkjąįk nee waanįra wanąp'įikišerera nee waagigųs.

nįįkjąk-įk

child-DIM

nee

1EMPH

wa-hanį=ra

OBJ.3PL-have.NTL\1E.A=DEF

wanąp'į-hikišere=ra

beads-work.with=DEF

nee

1EMPH

wa-ha-gigųs

OBJ.3PL-1E.A-teach

‘I taught my children how to do beadwork.’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	TEACH	Coding set	Argument type
1	teacher	act.V	A
2	teachee	obj:und.V	P
3	taught content	Ø	I

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Comment	Coded?	Derived Coding frame	Examples
C Benefactive/possession of U (+gi) more info	NNever		y
C Instrumental applicative (+hi) more info	MMarginally		y		(803) Waagax hakiruxara ceek hižą waak'ųra žee ee higigųsšąną. ‘The new book I gave him he taught with it.’ ★
C Locative applicative I (inessive) (+ho) more info	NNever		y		(805) *Wažątire hot'ųpeja hogigųsjee. ‘He teaches in that garage.’ ★
C Locative applicative II (superessive) (+ha) more info	NNever		y
C Reflexive (+kii) more info	RRegularly		y	1/2 (3) act[1/2].V'rfl/rcp	(128) Wanąp'į hikišere nee hakigųs. ‘I taught myself how to do beadwork.’ ★
C Reciprocal (+kiki) more info	RRegularly		y	1/2 (3) act[1/2].V'rfl/rcp	(129) Hoocąk hit'e (kii)kigųsire. ‘They taught each other Hoocak.’ ★
C Possessive reflexive (+kara) more info	RRegularly		y		(838) Šųųkra hakaragigųsšąną; waruc taa hakaragi. ‘I taught my dog and I made my dog ask for food.’ ★ (1225) Nįįkjąkra wanąp'įikišerera waakaragigųs. ‘I taught my children how to do beadwork.’ ★
C Reflexive & possessive reflexive (+ kii + kara) more info	NNever		y
C Instrumental & benefactive (+ hi + gi) more info	NNever		y
C Superessive & reflexive/reciprocal (+ ha + kii) more info	NNever		y
C Inessive & reflexive (+ ho + kii) more info	NNever		y
C Coercive/default causative (hii) more info	RRegularly		y	6 1 2 (3) und[2].und[1].act[6].V'caus	(1276) Nįįkjąkra nee wagigųs wįįre. ‘They made me teach the children/ I took over to teaching the kids.’ ★
C Reflexive causative (kįį) more info	NNever		y		(1363) Nįįkjąkra nee wagigųs hakį. ‘I took over to teaching the kids.’ ★
C Permissive causative (gigi) more info	RRegularly		y	6 1 2 (3) und[2].und[1].act[6].V'caus	(802) Nįįkjąkra nee wagigųs hįgigiire. ‘They made me teach the children/ I took over to teaching the kids.’ ★
C Instrumental & reflexive (+ hi + kii) more info	NNever		y
C Inessive & possessive reflexive (+ ho + kara) more info	NNever		y
C Resultative alternation more info	NNever		y
C Resultative & causative more info	NNever		y
C Superessive & benefactive (+ ha + gi) more info	NNever		y
C Inessive & benefactive (+ ho + gi) more info	NNever		y
C Superessive & possessive reflexive (+ ha + kara) more info	NNever		y
C Instrumental & possessive reflexive (+ hi + kara) more info	MMarginally		y		(804) Waagax hakiruxara ceek hižą waak'ųra nįįkjąkra wiikaragigųsšąną. ‘The new book I gave him he taught his children with it.’ ★
C Detransitive / slot filler (wa-) more info	NNever		y
C Possessive reflexive causative (karagi) more info	MMarginally	sounds odd	y		(806) Hinįk haara šųųkra ee gigųs hakaragi. ‘I made/had my son teach his dog.’ ★
C Facilitative alternation more info	NNever		y

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

gigųs

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples