mąąnų

Coding frame

1 2 und[2].act[1].V

Simplex Verb form

Example

(64)

Kšeera wamąąšųnų?

kšee=ra

apple=DEF

wa-mąą<šų>nų

OBJ.3PL-<2.A>steal

‘Did you steal the apples?’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	STEAL	Coding set	Argument type
1	stealer	act.V	A
2	stolen thing	obj:und.V	P

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Comment	Coded?	Derived Coding frame	Examples
C Benefactive/possession of U (+gi) more info	RRegularly		y	1 2 4 und[4].und[2].act[1].V'ben	(65) Kšeera hanąąc wamąįragišųnų? ‘Did you steal all the apples from me / Did you steal all the apples for me?’ ★ (66) Wažą mąįragišųnų? ‘Did you steal something for me?’ ★
C Instrumental applicative (+hi) more info	NNever		y
C Locative applicative I (inessive) (+ho) more info	NNever	woomąnų means 'cheating'	y
C Locative applicative II (superessive) (+ha) more info	NNever		y
C Reflexive (+kii) more info	MMarginally	kii- has either a reflexive benefactive meaning or it means 'to steal oneself away from somewhere'	y		(67) Mąąkinų haji waa'ųnąkšąną. ‘I stole away and I'm here.’ ★ (1216) Mąąrakišųnų raji? ‘You stole away and got here?’ ★ (1332) Kšeexete hižą mąąkinų wa'ų; hoxaraire. ‘He stole a pineapple for himself; they caught him.’ ★
C Reciprocal (+kiki) more info	MMarginally	jokingly this can be said	y		(764) Mąąkikinųnąąk wa'ųnąąkšąną; ciinąkeja hahinąąkšąną. ‘They helped each other steal away, they went to town.’ ★
C Possessive reflexive (+kara) more info	MMarginally		y		(763) Waǧįǧį mąąginųirera, haakja mąąkaranų. ‘He stole back the ball that was stolen from him.’ ★
C Reflexive & possessive reflexive (+ kii + kara) more info	MMarginally		y		(765) Kšeexete hižą mąąkikaranų wa'ų; hoxaraire. ‘He stole a pineapple for himself. they caught him.’ ★
C Instrumental & benefactive (+ hi + gi) more info	NNever		y
C Superessive & reflexive/reciprocal (+ ha + kii) more info	NNever		y
C Inessive & reflexive (+ ho + kii) more info	NNever		y
C Instrumental & reflexive (+ hi + kii) more info	NNever		y
C Inessive & possessive reflexive (+ ho + kara) more info	NNever		y
C Coercive/default causative (hii) more info	RRegularly		y	6 1 2 und[2].und[1].act[6].V'caus	(1273) Hiraaticekhižą hija t'ųųpireanąga mąąnų wįįre. ‘They put a new car there and they made me steal it.’ ★
C Reflexive causative (kįį) more info	RRegularly		y	6/1 2 und[2].act[6/1].V'caus	(767) Toikewehixjį gejenį ciinąkeja kšeeižą mąąnų hakį. ‘Because I was really hungry I brought myself to stealing an apple in town.’ ★
C Permissive causative (gigi) more info	RRegularly		y	6 1 2 und[2].und[1].act[6].V'caus	(766) Hiraaticekhižą hija t'ųųpireanąga mąąnų hįgigiire. ‘They put a new car there and they let me steal it.’ ★
C Resultative alternation more info	NNever		y
C Resultative & causative more info	NNever		y
C Superessive & benefactive (+ ha + gi) more info	NNever		y
C Inessive & benefactive (+ ho + gi) more info	NNever		y
C Superessive & possessive reflexive (+ ha + kara) more info	NNever		y
C Instrumental & possessive reflexive (+ hi + kara) more info	NNever		y
C Detransitive / slot filler (wa-) more info	NNever		y
C Possessive reflexive causative (karagi) more info	RRegularly		y	6 1 2 und[2].und[1].act[6].V'caus	(1076) Kšee nąąhižą nąąwacak sanįkeja jeera, hocįcįra hahi kšee wamąąnų warakaragi? ‘Did you let your boys steal apples from the other side of the fence?’ ★
C Facilitative alternation more info	NNever		y

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

mąąnų

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Example × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Example