ru'ą

Coding frame

1 2 (LOC3) und[2].act[1].V

Simplex Verb form

Examples

(48)

Kooknąąkre wašuru'ąną?

kook=nąąkre

box=POS.NTL.PL:PROX

wa-šu-ru'ą-ną

OBJ.3PL-2.A-lift/carry-POT

‘Can you lift/carry these boxes?’

★

(49)

Hįšuru'ąną?

hį-šu-ru'ą-ną

1E.U-2.A-lift/carry-POT

‘Can you carry me?’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	CARRY	Coding set	Argument type
1	carrier	act.V	A
2	carried thing	obj:und.V	P
3	carrying goal	LOC	L

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Comment	Coded?	Derived Coding frame	Examples
C Benefactive/possession of U (+gi) more info	RRegularly		y	1 2 4 (LOC3) und[4].und[2].act[1].V'ben	(50) Kooknąąkre waįragišuru'ąną? ‘Can you carry these boxes for me?’ ★
C Instrumental applicative (+hi) more info	RRegularly	wiiru'ą is (a) handle	y	1 2 5 (LOC3) und[5].und[2].act[1].V'inst	(51) Waginąnąąka hi'ųanąga nąąkre hiru'ąre. ‘Lift this log with the rope.’ ★ (1206) Nąąkre waginą (te'e) hiru'ąre. ‘Lift the log with this rope.’ ★ (1353) Nąąnąąkre waginą wiiru'ąre. ‘Lift the logs with the rope.’ ★
C Locative applicative I (inessive) (+ho) more info	RRegularly		y	1 2 (LOC)3 und[3].und[2].act[1].V'loc	(53) Nąąra waaceja horu'ąre. ‘Lift the log into the boat.’ ★ (55) Waaceja hųųru'ąire. ‘They lifted me into the boat.’ ★ (1207) Nąąra waaceja hotu'ą. ‘I hoisted the log into the boat.’ ★ (1208) Waaceja hųųšuru'ąną? ‘Can you lift me into the boat?’ ★ (1354) Nąąra hanąąc waaceja wootu'ą. ‘I lifted all the logs into the boat.’ ★
C Locative applicative II (superessive) (+ha) more info	RRegularly		y	1 2 (LOC)3 und[3].und[2].act[1].V'loc	(61) Kųnųga homįk hihakeja haru'ąjee. ‘He was holding Kunu over the bed.’ ★ (757) Heerajoxra waact'ą nąąkeeja haru'ąire. ‘They hoisted the monkey onto the back of the airplane.’ ★ (1213) Kųnųga homįkeja haru'ąjee. ‘He was holding Kunu over the bed.’ ★
C Reflexive (+kii) more info	RRegularly		y	1/2 (LOC3) act[1/2].V'rfl/rcp	(58) Waginą yaa'ųanąga hakitu'ą. ‘I hoisted myself with a rope.’ ★ (1212) Hakitu'ą nąą'įra tuuš'akšąną. ‘I attempted to pull myself up, but I couldn't.’ ★
C Reciprocal (+kiki) more info	MMarginally		y		(59) Kikiru'ą ųųnąąk'ų hijaahiire. ‘Lifting each other they arrived there.’ ★ (1211) Ha(ki)kitu'ąwiaak'ų hijaahiwi. ‘We took turns in carrying each other and we got there.’ ★
C Possessive reflexive (+kara) more info	RRegularly		y		(56) Kookra waakuru'ą. ‘I carried my boxes.’ ★ (1209) Nįįkjąkra howašieja waakuru'ą hahi. ‘I carried my children to the powwow.’ ★
C Reflexive & possessive reflexive (+ kii + kara) more info	MMarginally		y		(60) Hakikuru'ą nąą'įra tuuš'akšąną. ‘I attempted to pull myself up, but I couldn't.’ ★ (752) Waginą šooga nąą wąąkeja hikiikuru'ą. ‘He lifted himself up to the tree with a thick rope.’ ★ (753) Hošorošeja hošipreanąga ųųnąk'ų kiikuru'ą. ‘He fell into the ditch and after a while he lifted himself up.’ ★
C Instrumental & benefactive (+ hi + gi) more info	MMarginally		y		(52) Nąą te'e waginą hįįgiru'ąre. ‘Lift the log with the rope for me.’ ★
C Superessive & reflexive/reciprocal (+ ha + kii) more info	MMarginally		y		(63) Wiiceja eexjį (ha)kiru'ą. ‘He lifted himself onto the island/beach.’ ★ (1215) Wiiceja neexjį harakišuru'ą? ‘Did you lift yourself onto the island?’ ★
C Inessive & reflexive (+ ho + kii) more info	MMarginally		y		(62) Waaceja neexjį waakitu'ą. ‘I lifted myself into the boat.’ ★ (1214) Waaceja hokiru'ąre! ‘Hoist yourself into the boat!’ ★
C Instrumental & reflexive (+ hi + kii) more info	RRegularly		y		(1271) Waginą šooga nąą wąąkeja hikiiru'ą. ‘He lifted himself up to the tree with a thick rope.’ ★
C Inessive & possessive reflexive (+ ho + kara) more info	RRegularly		y		(57) Nąąra waaceja waakuru'ą rehaa. ‘I (quickly) lifted my logs into the boat.’ ★ (754) Šųųk sgįįgrera wažątire xete nąąkeeja hokuru'ą. ‘He hoisted the heavy dog into the back of his truck.’ ★ (1210) Nąąra hanąąc waaceja woorakuru'ą? ‘Did you lift your logs into the boat?’ ★
C Coercive/default causative (hii) more info	RRegularly		y	6 1 2 (LOC3) und[2].und[1].act[6].V'caus	(760) Howašieja wiiwašikra ru'ą wįįre. ‘At the powwow they made me carry the flag.’ ★
C Reflexive causative (kįį) more info	RRegularly		y	6/1 2 (LOC3) und[2].act[6/1].V'caus	(761) Kookra iineki ru'ą hakį. ‘I made myself lift the box alone.’ ★
C Permissive causative (gigi) more info	RRegularly		y	6 1 2 (LOC3) und[2].und[1].act[6].V'caus	(1272) Howašieja wiiwašikra ru'ą hįgigiire. ‘At the powwow they let me carry the flag.’ ★
C Resultative alternation more info	NNever		y
C Resultative & causative more info	NNever		y
C Superessive & benefactive (+ ha + gi) more info	RRegularly		y		(758) Hiraaticekra waact'ą nąąkeeja hįįgiru'ąire. ‘They lifted the new car onto the airplane for me.’ ★
C Inessive & benefactive (+ ho + gi) more info	RRegularly		y		(54) Nąąra hanąąc waaceja (wa)woįgiru'ąire. ‘They lifted all the logs into the boat for me.’ ★ (755) Kųnųga Heenąga šųųk ee hanįra wažątire nąąkeeja hogiru'ą. ‘Kunu lifted Heena's dog into the back of the truck.’ ★
C Superessive & possessive reflexive (+ ha + kara) more info	RRegularly		y		(759) Wažątire ceek ruwįra waact'ą nąąkeeja hakuru'ą. ‘The car he bought he hoisted it onto the back of the plane.’ ★
C Instrumental & possessive reflexive (+ hi + kara) more info	RRegularly		y		(756) Hi'ųnį hiira nįįkjąkra wa'į hikuru'ą. ‘His mother carried / lifted up the child with a blanket.’ ★
C Detransitive / slot filler (wa-) more info	NNever		y
C Possessive reflexive causative (karagi) more info	RRegularly		y	6 1 2 (LOC3) und[2].und[1].act[6].V'caus	(762) Hinįk hiira wiiwašikra ru'ą karagi. ‘He had his son carry the flag.’ ★
C Facilitative alternation more info	NNever		y

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

ru'ą

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples