sagen

Coding frame

1-nom V.subj[1] 2-acc (zu+3-dat)

Simplex Verb form

Examples

(145)

Ich sage kein Wort zur Polizei.

ich

1SG.NOM

sag-e

say-1SG.PRS

kein

NEG.ACC

Wort

word

zu-r

to-DEF.F.DAT

Polizei

police(DAT)

‘I don't say any word to the police.’

★

(158)

Ich sage kein Wort.

ich

1SG.NOM

sag-e

say-1SG.PRS

kein

NEG.ACC

Wort

word(ACC)

‘I don't say a word.’

★

(39)

Wir sagen einander die Wahrheit.

wir

1PL.NOM

sag-en

say-1PL.PRS

einander

RECIP

die

DEF.F.ACC

Wahrheit

truth(ACC)

‘We tell each other the truth.’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	SAY	Coding set	Argument type
1	sayer	NP-nom V.subj	A
2	said content	NP-acc	P
3	saying addressee	zu+NP-dat	X

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

Filter by type:

Filter by occurrence:

Clear filters

Alternation name	Occurs	Coded?	Derived Coding frame	Examples
U Cognate Object Insertion more info	NNever	n
C be- Alternation (I) more info	NNever	y
C er- Alternation more info	NNever	y
C be- Alternation (II) more info	NNever	y
U Benefactive Alternation more info	NNever	n		(144) Ich sage der Polizei kein Wort. ‘I don't say a word to the police.’ ★
U Object Omission Alternation more info	NNever	n
U Ambitransitive Alternation (A>S) more info	NNever	n
C Prepositional Alternation more info	NNever	y
C Passive with werden more info	RRegularly	y	2-nom passV'.subj[2] (von+1-dat)
C ver- Alternation more info	NNever	y
C Anticausative Alternation more info	NNever	y
U Instrument Subject Alternation more info	NNever	n
C Impersonal Passive	NNever	y
C Passive with sein		y

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

sagen

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples