ŋel-

Coding frame

1-nom 2-instr V.subj[1]

Simplex Verb form

Example

(63)

Kuŋa ŋinač ŋelren.

kuŋa

child

ŋina-č

dog-INSTR

ŋel-re-n

fear-AOR-3SG

‘The child is afraid of the dog.’

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	FEAR	Coding set	Argument type
1	fearer	NP-nom V.subj	S
2	fear stimulus	NP-instr	I

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

Filter by type:

Filter by occurrence:

Alternation name	Occurs	Comment	Coded?	Derived Coding frame	Examples
C Mediopassive more info	NNever		y
C Adversative Passive more info	MMarginally		y
C Direct Reciprocal more info	RRegularly		y	1&2-nom recV'.subj[1&2]	(62) Kuŋal ŋelmette. ‘The children are afraid of each other.’ ★
U Reflexive deleting alternation more info	NNever		n
C Resultative more info	NNever		y
U Comitative alternation more info	NNever		n
U Object deletion more info	NNever		n
C Indirect Reciprocal more info	NNever		y