sing

Coding frame

1-nom > V.subj[1]

Simplex Verb form

Example

(124)

She sings beautifully.

she

sings

beautifully

‘She sings beautifully.’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	SING	Coding set	Argument type
1	singer	NP-nom V.subj	S

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Coded?	Examples
C Accidental Reflexive more info	NNever	y
U Inchoative-Causative more info	NNever	n
U Middle more info	NNever	n
C Reciprocal more info	NNever	y
C Have-a-VP(nominal) more info	NNever	y
U Accidental Body-part more info	NNever	n
U Instrumental Subject more info	NNever	n
U Directed Nonverbal Expression more info	NNever	n
U Assisting Body-part more info	NNever	n
U Location-capacity subject more info	NNever	n
U Dative more info	NNever	n
C Get-a-VP(nominal) more info	NNever	y
U Stimulus Subject more info	NNever	n
U Direct Quotation more info	NNever	n
That-complement more info	NNever
U Abstract subject more info	NNever	n
U Understood Reflexive Object more info	NNever	n
U Locus of personal contact more info	NNever	n
U Conative more info	NNever	n
U With/against alternation more info	NNever	n
U Causative-Inchoative more info	NNever	n
U Benefactive more info	NNever	n
U Source-of-part more info	NNever	n
U Instrumental Object more info	NNever	n
U Into-Resultative more info	NNever	n
U Locative more info	NNever	n
C Way-construction more info	NNever	y
U Malefactive more info	NNever	n
C Gerundive complement more info	NNever	y
U Stimulus prepositional object more info	NNever	n
U Resultative complement more info	NNever	n
U Quasi-benefactive-accompaniment with more info	NNever	n
U Possessor ascension more info	NNever	n
U Path subject more info	NNever	n
U Locative promotion more info	NNever	n
C To-complement more info	NNever	y
U Wh-complement more info	NNever	n
U Experiencer Passive with of-Stimulus	NNever	n
U Understood Omitted Object more info	NNever	n
U Cognate Object more info	RRegularly	n	(123) The boy sang a song. ‘The boy sang a song.’ ★ (448) I hate singing hymns. ‘I hate singing hymns.’ ★
U Quasi-agentive Instrumental Subject more info	NNever	n
U Topic-about more info	MMarginally	n	(447) He only ever sings about girls. ‘He only ever sings about girls.’ ★

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

sing

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Example × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Example