Examples of Emai
Example | Verb meaning | Example of... | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
(1) Òjè é émà. òjè Oje é eat émà yam ‘Oje ate pounded yam.’ |
★ | EAT |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
1 |
(2) Òjè tútú nwú òhí. òjè Oje tútú cling nwú catch òhí Ohi ‘Oje hugged Ohi. / Oje embraced Ohi.’ |
★ | HUG |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
2 |
(3) Òjè ọ̀ ọ́ ghòò àlèkè. òjè Oje ọ̀ SC ọ́ C ghòò look.at àlèkè Aleke ‘Oje is watching/looking at Aleke.’ |
★ | LOOK AT |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
3 |
(4) Òjè míẹ́ àlèkè. òjè Oje míẹ́ see àlèkè Aleke ‘Oje saw Aleke.’ |
★ | SEE |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
4 |
(5) Òjè ọ̀ ọ́ yàà ọ̀lí éànmì. òjè Oje ọ̀ SC ọ́ C yàà smell ọ̀lí the éànmì meat ‘Oje is smelling the meat.’ |
★ | SMELL |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
5 |
(6) Ọ́lì àtàlàkpà rẹ́ ófẹ̀n nwú òjè. ọ́lì the àtàlàkpà lion rẹ́ take ófẹ̀n fear nwú catch òjè Oje ‘Oje feared the lion.’ |
★ | FEAR |
an Alternation:
Causative insertion |
6 |
(7) Ófẹ̀n ọ̀ ọ́ nwù òjè. ófẹ̀n fear ọ̀ SC ọ́ C nwù catch òjè Oje ‘Oje is becoming afraid.’ |
★ | FEAR |
a Coding frame:
V > 1 |
7 |
(8) Òhí níáá òjè. òhí Ohi níáá frighten òjè Oje ‘Ohi frightened Oje.’ |
★ | FRIGHTEN |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
8 |
(9) Òjè níááì. òjè Oje níáá-ì frighten-F ‘Oje got startled/frightened.’ |
★ | FRIGHTEN |
an Alternation:
Ambitransitive |
9 |
(10) Ọ́lí éànmì ọ̀ ọ́ yàá. ọ́lí the éànmì meat ọ̀ SC ọ́ C yàá smell ‘The meat smells.’ |
★ | SMELL |
an Alternation:
Ambitransitive |
10 |
(11) Ọ́lí úkpùn ẹ́ghẹ́n ọ́lí ọ́mọ̀. ọ́lí the úkpùn cloth ẹ́ghẹ́n please ọ́lí the ọ́mọ̀ child ‘The cloth pleased the child. / The child liked the cloth.’ |
★ | LIKE |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
11 |
(12) Ọ̣́lí úkpùn ẹ́ghẹ́nì. ọ́lí the úkpùn cloth ẹ́ghẹ́n-ì be.pleasant-F ‘The cloth is liked. / The cloth is pleasant.’ |
★ | LIKE |
an Alternation:
Object omission |
12 |
(13) Òjè ẹ́ẹ́n áfúzé'. òjè Oje ẹ́ẹ́n know áfúzé' Afuze ‘Oje knew Afuze.’ |
★ | KNOW |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
13 |
(14) Òjè ẹ́ẹ́nì. òjè Oje ẹ́ẹ́n-ì know-F ‘Oje knew.’ |
★ | KNOW |
an Alternation:
Object omission |
14 |
(15) Òjè gúẹ́ émáì. òjè Oje gúẹ́ know émáì Emai ‘Oje knew Emai.’ |
★ | KNOW |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
15 |
(16) Ójé óó ọ́lì ìnyẹ̀mì. ójé Oje óó ponder ọ́lì the ìnyẹ̀mì matter ‘Oje pondered the matter. / Oje thought about the matter.’ |
★ | THINK |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
16 |
(17) Òjè ọ̀ ọ́ hòò ọ̀lí émà. òjè Oje ọ̀ SC ọ́ C hòò search.for ọ̀lí the émà yam ‘Oje is searching for the yam.’ |
★ | SEARCH FOR |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
17 |
(18) Àlèkè khọ́ọ́ ọ́lí ọ́mọ̀. àlèkè Aleke khọ́ọ́ bathe ọ́lí the ọ́mọ̀ child ‘Aleke bathed the child.’ |
★ | WASH |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
18 |
(19) Àlèkè ọ̀ ọ́ khọ̀ọ́. àlèkè Aleke ọ̀ SC ọ́ C khọ̀ọ́ bathe ‘Aleke is bathing.’ |
★ | WASH |
an Alternation:
Object omission |
19 |
(20) Àlèkè kú ẹ̀ùn ọ́ mẹ́ vbí égbè. àlèkè Aleke kú spread ẹ̀ùn shirt ọ́ CL mẹ́ me vbí LOC égbè body ‘Aleke put a shirt on my body. / Aleke dressed me with a shirt.’ |
★ | DRESS |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 > vbi+3 |
20 |
(21) Òjè zẹ́ étò. òjè Oje zẹ́ shave étò hair ‘Oje shaved his hair.’ |
★ | SHAVE (a body part/person) |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
21 |
(22) Òjè kpáyẹ́ àlèkè óbọ̀. òjè Oje kpáyẹ́ replace àlèkè Aleke óbọ̀ hand ‘Oje helped Aleke. / Oje gave Aleke a helping hand.’ |
★ | HELP |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
22 |
(23) Òjè ọ̀ ọ́ rẹ̀khàẹ̀n òhí. òjè Oje ọ̀ SC ọ́ C rẹ̀khàẹ̀n follow òhí Ohi ‘Oje is following Ohi.’ |
★ | FOLLOW |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
23 |
(24) Òjè gá ọ́lì òkpòsò zé. òjè Oje gá meet ọ́lì the òkpòsò woman zé move.together ‘Oje has met the woman.’ |
★ | MEET |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
24 |
(25) Yàn á vbàyẹ́. yàn they á C vbàyẹ́ talk ‘They are talking. / They are chatting.’ |
★ | TALK |
a Coding frame:
1 > V |
25 |
(26) Òjè tá lí áléké họ̀n. òjè Oje tá speak lí APP áléké Aleke họ̀n hear ‘Oje spoke to Aleke.’ |
★ | SPEAK |
an Alternation:
Object omission |
26 |
(27) Òjè tá étà. òjè Oje tá speak étà words ‘Oje spoke. / Oje spoke his words frankly.’ |
★ | SPEAK |
a Coding frame:
1 > V |
27 |
(28) Òjè tá étà lí áléké họ̀n. òjè Oje tá speak étà words lí APP áléké Aleke họ̀n hear ‘Oje spoke frankly to Aleke. / Oje told the hard truth to Aleke.’ |
★ | SPEAK |
an Alternation:
Addressee li + hon insertion |
28 |
(29) Òjè míáá étà. òjè Oje míáá ask étà question ‘Oje asked a question.’ |
★ | ASK (a question) |
an Alternation:
Locative omission |
29 |
(30) Òjè míáá áléké étà. òjè Oje míáá ask áléké Aleke étà question ‘Oje asked Aleke a question./ Oje asked a question of Aleke.’ |
★ | ASK (a question) |
an Alternation:
External possessor alternation |
30 |
(31) Ójé míáá étá vbí óbọ́ ísì àlèkè. ójé Oje míáá ask étá question vbí LOC óbọ́ hand ísì ASS àlèkè Aleke ‘Oje asked a question of Aleke.’ |
★ | ASK (a question) |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > vbi+2 |
31 |
(32) Òjè ọ̀ ọ́ khùèè àlèkè. òjè Oje ọ̀ SC ọ́ C khùèè shout.at àlèkè Aleke ‘Oje is shouting at Aleke. / Oje is screaming at Aleke.’ |
★ | SHOUT AT |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
32 |
(33) Òjè ọ̀ ọ́ khùèé. òjè Oje ọ̀ SC ọ́ C khùèé shout ‘Oje is shouting. / Oje is screaming.’ |
★ | SHOUT AT |
an Alternation:
Object omission |
33 |
(34) Àlèkè ọ̀ ọ́ kpè ìtàn. àlèkè Aleke ọ̀ SC ọ́ C kpè narrate ìtàn saying ‘Aleke is narrating a saying.’ |
★ | TELL |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
34 |
(35) Àlèkè kpé ìtàn lí ójé họ̀n. àlèkè Aleke kpé narrate ìtàn saying lí APP ójé Oje họ̀n hear ‘Aleke narrated a saying to Oje.’ |
★ | TELL |
an Alternation:
Addressee li + hon insertion |
35 |
(36) Àlèkè kpé ìtàn vbíẹ́ẹ́ òjè. àlèkè Aleke kpé narrate ìtàn saying vbíẹ́ẹ́ show òjè Oje ‘Aleke narrated a saying to Oje.’ |
★ | TELL |
an Alternation:
Addressee vbiee insertion |
36 |
(37) Àlèkè ọ̀ ọ́ gùè ìnyẹ̀mì. àlèkè Aleke ọ̀ SC ọ́ C gùè disclose ìnyẹ̀mì information ‘Aleke is disclosing information. / Aleke is relating information.’ |
★ | TELL |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
37 |
(38) Àlèkè gúé ìnyẹ̀mì lí ójé họ̀n. àlèkè Aleke gúé disclose ìnyẹ̀mì information lí APP ójé Oje họ̀n hear ‘Aleke disclosed the matter to Oje. / Aleke informed Oje about the matter.’ |
★ | TELL |
an Alternation:
Addressee li + hon insertion |
38 |
(39) Áléké gúé ìnyẹ̀mì vbíẹ́ẹ́ òjè. áléké Aleke gúé disclose ìnyẹ̀mì information vbíẹ́ẹ́ show òjè Oje ‘Aleke disclose information to Oje.’ |
★ | TELL |
an Alternation:
Addressee vbiee insertion |
39 |
(40) Àlèkè gúé lí ójé họ̀n. àlèkè Aleke gúé disclose lí APP ójé Oje họ̀n hear ‘Aleke informed Oje.’ |
★ | TELL |
an Alternation:
Object omission |
40 |
(41) Ójé rẹ́' ẹ́ ọ́í “ọ́lì òkpòsò gbé ọ́lí ófè.” ójé Oje rẹ́' CONC ẹ́ say ọ́í it ọ́lì the òkpòsò woman gbé kill ọ́lí the ófè rat ‘Oje said, “The woman killed the rat.”’ |
★ | SAY |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > UTT2 |
41 |
(42) Ójé rẹ́' ẹ́ ọ́í “ébé' ọ́lí ókpósó í' gbé ọ́lí ófè?” ójé Oje rẹ́' CONC ẹ́ ask ọ́í it ébé' how ọ́lí the ókpósó woman í' MAN gbé kill ọ́lí the ófè rat ‘Oje asked, “How did the woman kill the rat?”’ |
★ | SAY |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > UTT2 |
42 |
(43) Ójé rẹ́' ẹ́ áléké “ọ́lì òkpòsò gbé ọ́lí ófè.” ójé Oje rẹ́' CONC ẹ́ tell áléké Aleke ọ́lì the òkpòsò woman gbé kill ọ́lí the ófè rat ‘Oje told Aleke, “The woman killed the rat.”’ |
★ | ASK (a question) |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 UTT3 |
43 |
(44) Ójé rẹ́' ẹ́ áléké “ébé' ọ́lí ókpósó í' gbé ọ́lí ófè?” ójé Oje rẹ́' CONC ẹ́ ask áléké Aleke “ébé' how ọ́lí the ókpósó woman í' MAN gbé kill ọ́lí the ófè” rat ‘Oje asked Aleke, “How did the woman kill the rat?”’ |
★ | ASK (a question) |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 UTT3 |
44 |
(45) È nwú énì ní áìn. è they nwú take.hold.SG énì name ní APP áìn her ‘They gave a name to her. / They named her.’ |
★ | NAME |
a Coding frame:
N/A |
45 |
(46) Òjè zẹ́ óà. òjè Oje zẹ́ build óà home ‘Oje built a home.’ |
★ | BUILD |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
46 |
(47) Òjè rẹ́ èkẹ̀n zẹ́ óà. òjè Oje rẹ́ take èkẹ̀n mud.brick zẹ́ build óà home ‘Oje used mud brick to build a home. / Oje built a home with mud brick.’ |
★ | BUILD |
an Alternation:
Instrument insertion |
47 |
(48) Òjè zẹ́ óà ọ́ vbì èkó. òjè Oje zẹ́ build óà home ọ́ CL vbì LOC èkó Lagos ‘Oje built a home in Lagos.’ |
★ | BUILD |
an Alternation:
Locative change of state |
48 |
(49) Òjè ọ̀ ọ́ hù ọ́lì àsẹ̀. òjè Oje ọ̀ SC ọ́ C hù build ọ́lì the àsẹ̀ hut ‘Oje is building the hut.’ |
★ | BUILD |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
49 |
(50) Òjè rẹ́ ébé ọ̀gẹ̀dẹ̀ hú àsẹ̀. òjè Oje rẹ́ take ébé leaf ọ̀gẹ̀dẹ̀ banana hú build àsẹ̀ hut ‘Oje used banana leaves to build a hut.’ |
★ | BUILD |
an Alternation:
Instrument insertion |
50 |
(51) Òjè hú àsẹ̀ ọ́ vbí ímè. òjè Oje hú build àsẹ̀ hut ọ́ CL vbí LOC ímè farm ‘Oje built a hut on the farm.’ |
★ | BUILD |
an Alternation:
Locative change of state |
51 |
(52) Ójé gúọ́ghọ́' ọ́lí úkpóràn. ójé Oje gúọ́ghọ́' break ọ́lí the úkpóràn stick ‘Oje broke the stick.’ |
★ | BREAK |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
52 |
(53) Ọ́lí úkpóràn gúọ́ghọ́ì. ọ́lí the úkpóràn stick gúọ́ghọ́-ì break-F ‘The stick broke.’ |
★ | BREAK |
an Alternation:
Ambitransitive |
53 |
(54) Òjè rẹ́ údò gúọ́ghọ́ ọ́lí úkpóràn. òjè Oje rẹ́ take údò stone gúọ́ghọ́ break ọ́lí the úkpóràn stick ‘Oje used a stone to break the stick. / Oje broke the stick with a stone.’ |
★ | BREAK |
an Alternation:
Instrument insertion |
54 |
(55) Òjè gbé ọ́lí ákhè á. òjè Oje gbé break ọ́lí the ákhè pot á CS ‘Oje broke the pot.’ |
★ | BREAK |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
55 |
(56) Ọ́lí ákhè gbé á'. ọ́lí the ákhè pot gbé break á' CS ‘The pot broke.’ |
★ | BREAK |
an Alternation:
Ambitransitive |
56 |
(57) Òjè rẹ́ údò gbé ọ́lí ákhè á. òjè Oje rẹ́ take údò stone gbé break ọ́lí the ákhè pot á CS ‘Oje used a stone to break the pot. / Oje broke the pot with a stone.’ |
★ | BREAK |
an Alternation:
Instrument insertion |
57 |
(58) Òjè gbóó élí ékhè kú à. òjè Oje gbóó break élí the ékhè pots kú spread à CS ‘Oje broke the pots into pieces. / Oje broke the pots into smithereens.’ |
★ | BREAK |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
58 |
(59) Élí ékhè gbóó kù á. élí the ékhè pots gbóó break kù spread á CS ‘The pots broke into smithereens. / The pots broke into pieces.’ |
★ | BREAK |
an Alternation:
Ambitransitive |
59 |
(60) Òjè rẹ́ údò gbóó élí ékhè kú à. òjè Oje rẹ́ take údò stone gbóó break élí the ékhè pots kú spread à CS ‘Oje used a stone to break the pots into smithereens. / Oje broke the pots into pieces with a stone.’ |
★ | BREAK |
an Alternation:
Instrument insertion |
60 |
(61) Ójé gbé ẹ́mìẹ́mì. ójé Oje gbé kill ẹ́mìẹ́mì lizard ‘Oje killed a lizard.’ |
★ | KILL |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
61 |
(62) Ójé rẹ́ ààbà gbé ẹ́mìẹ́mì. ójé Oje rẹ́ take ààbà slingshot gbé kill ẹ́mìẹ́mì lizard ‘Oje used a slingshot to kill a lizard.’ |
★ | KILL |
an Alternation:
Instrument insertion |
62 |
(63) Òjè gbóó élí ívbèkhàn. òjè Oje gbóó kill élí the ívbèkhàn youths ‘Oje killed the youths.’ |
★ | KILL |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
63 |
(64) Òjè rẹ́ údò gbóó élí ívbèkhàn. òjè Oje rẹ́ take údò stone gbóó kill élí the ívbèkhàn youths ‘Oje used a stone to kill the youths. / Oje killed the youths with a stone.’ |
★ | KILL |
an Alternation:
Instrument insertion |
64 |
(65) Òjè ọ̀ ọ́ gbè ọ̀lí ọ́vbèkhàn. òjè Oje ọ̀ SC ọ́ C gbè beat ọ̀lí the ọ́vbèkhàn youth ‘Oje is beating the youth.’ |
★ | BEAT |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
65 |
(66) Òjè rẹ́ úkpóràn gbé ọ́lí ọ́vbèkhàn. òjè Oje rẹ́ take úkpóràn stick gbé beat ọ́lí the ọ́vbèkhàn youth ‘Oje used a stick to beat the youth. / Oje beat the youth with a stick.’ |
★ | BEAT |
an Alternation:
Instrument insertion |
66 |
(67) Òhí fí ójé úkpóràn. òhí Ohi fí hit ójé Oje úkpóràn stick ‘Ohi hit Oje with a stick. / Ohi hit a stick on Oje.’ |
★ | HIT |
an Alternation:
Locative omission |
67 |
(68) Òhí fí ójé úkpórán vbì ùòkhò. òhí Ohi fí hit ójé Oje úkpórán stick vbì LOC ùòkhò back ‘Ohi hit Oje on his back with a stick. / Ohi hit a stick on Oje's back.’ |
★ | HIT |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 > 3 > vbi+4 |
68 |
(69) Úkpóràn fí ójé vbì ùòkhò. úkpóràn stick fí hit ójé Oje vbì LOC ùòkhò back ‘A stick hit Oje on his back. / A stick hit Oje’s back.’ |
★ | HIT |
an Alternation:
Ambitransitive |
69 |
(70) Òjè ọ̀ ọ́ rẹ̀ òbọ́ sò ọ́pìà. òjè Oje ọ̀ SC ọ́ C rẹ̀ take òbọ́ hand sò touch ọ́pìà cutlass ‘Oje is touching the cutlass with his hand. / Oje is touching the cutlass.’ |
★ | TOUCH |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
70 |
(71) Òjè híán ọ́lí úì. òjè Oje híán cut ọ́lí the úì rope ‘Oje cut the rope. / Oje severed the rope.’ |
★ | CUT |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
71 |
(72) Òjè rẹ́ úvbíághàè híán ọ́lí úì. òjè Oje rẹ́ take úvbíághàè knife híán cut ọ́lí the úì rope ‘Oje used a knife to cut the rope. / Oje cut the rope with a knife.’ |
★ | CUT |
an Alternation:
Instrument insertion |
72 |
(73) Òjè ọ̀ ọ́ bẹ̀nnọ̀ éràn. òjè Oje ọ̀ SC ọ́ C bẹ̀n-nọ̀ cut-DS éràn wood ‘Oje is cutting wood. / Oje is chopping wood.’ |
★ | CUT |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
73 |
(74) Òjè ọ̀ ọ́ rẹ̀ ùghámá bẹ̀nnọ̀ éràn. òjè Oje ọ̀ SC ọ́ C rẹ̀ take ùghámá ax bẹ̀n-nọ̀ cut-DS éràn wood ‘Oje is using an axe to cut wood. / Oje is cutting wood with an axe.’ |
★ | CUT |
an Alternation:
Instrument insertion |
74 |
(75) Òjè míẹ́ẹ́ òhí ọ́pìà. òjè Oje míẹ́ẹ́ seize òhí Ohi ọ́pìà cutlass ‘Oje seized a cutlass from Ohi.’ |
★ | TAKE |
an Alternation:
Locative omission |
75 |
(76) Òjè nyá úsúọ́kà á. òjè Oje nyá tear úsúọ́kà maize.ear á CS ‘Oje tore off an ear of maize. / Oje ripped an ear of maize off.’ |
★ | TEAR |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
76 |
(77) Ọ́lí úsúọ́kà nyá á'. ọ́lí the úsúọ́kà maize.ear nyá tear á' CS ‘The ear of maize got torn off. / The ear of maize got ripped off.’ |
★ | TEAR |
an Alternation:
Ambitransitive |
77 |
(78) Òjè bóló ọ́lì ọ̀gẹ̀dẹ̀. òjè Oje bóló peel ọ́lì the ọ̀gẹ̀dẹ̀ plantain ‘Oje peeled the plantain.’ |
★ | PEEL |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
78 |
(79) Òjè rẹ́ éhìẹ́n bóló ọ́lì ọ̀gẹ̀dẹ̀. òjè Oje rẹ́ take éhìẹ́n fingernail bóló peel ọ́lì the ọ̀gẹ̀dẹ̀ plantain ‘Oje used his fingernail to peel the plantain. / Oje peeled the plantain with his fingernail.’ |
★ | PEEL |
an Alternation:
Instrument insertion |
79 |
(80) Òjè fọ́lọ́ ọ́lí émà. òjè Oje fọ́lọ́ peel ọ́lí the émà yam ‘Oje peeled the yam.’ |
★ | PEEL |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
80 |
(81) Òjè rẹ́ ọ́pìà fọ́lọ́ émà. òjè Oje rẹ́ take ọ́pìà cutlass fọ́lọ́ peel émà yam ‘Oje used a cutlass to peel yam. / Oje peeled yam with a cutlass.’ |
★ | PEEL |
an Alternation:
Instrument insertion |
81 |
(82) Òjè nwú ọ́lì ọ̀gọ́ héé. òjè Oje nwú take.hold.SG ọ́lì the ọ̀gọ́ bottle héé hide ‘Oje hid the bottle.’ |
★ | HIDE |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
82 |
(83) Òjè nwú ọ́lì ọ̀gọ́ héé lí òhí. òjè Oje nwú take.hold.SG ọ́lì the ọ̀gọ́ bottle héé hide lí APP òhí Ohi ‘Oje hid the bottle from Ohi.’ |
★ | HIDE |
an Alternation:
Applicative li insertion |
83 |
(84) Òjè ọ̀ ọ́ làhèè. òjè Oje ọ̀ SC ọ́ C làhèè hide ‘Oje is hiding.’ |
★ | HIDE |
an Alternation:
Ambitransitive |
84 |
(85) Ójé lọ́ làhéé lí ọ̀nwìmè. ójé Oje lọ́ PRED làhéé hide lí APP ọ̀nwìmè farmer ‘Oje will hide from the farmer.’ |
★ | HIDE |
an Alternation:
Applicative li insertion |
85 |
(86) Ójé rẹ́ úháóbì vbíẹ́ẹ́ àlèkè. ójé Oje rẹ́ take úháóbì poison.arrow vbíẹ́ẹ́ show àlèkè Aleke ‘Oje showed Aleke the poison arrow.’ |
★ | SHOW |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 > 3 |
86 |
(87) Òjè nwú ọ́lí émà lí òhí. òjè Oje nwú take.hold.SG ọ́lí the émà yam lí APP òhí Ohi ‘Oje has given the yam to Ohi.’ |
★ | GIVE |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 > lí+3 |
87 |
(88) Élí ívbèkhàn húá élí émà lí égbè. élí the ívbèkhàn youths húá take.hold.PL élí the émà yam lí APP égbè REC ‘The youths gave the yams to one another.’ |
★ | GIVE |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 > lí+3 |
88 |
(89) Òjè yè úhùnmì yé áfúzé'. òjè Oje yè send úhùnmì message yé ALL áfúzé' Afuze ‘Oje sent a message to Afuze.’ |
★ | SEND |
an Alternation:
Allative insertion |
89 |
(90) Òjè yé òhí. òjè Oje yé send òhí Ohi ‘Oje sent Ohi.’ |
★ | SEND |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
90 |
(91) Òjè yé òhí yé áfúzé'. òjè Oje yé send òhí Ohi yé ALL áfúzé' Afuze ‘Oje sent Ohi to Afuze.’ |
★ | SEND |
an Alternation:
Allative insertion |
91 |
(92) Òjè yé òhí úhùnmì. òjè Oje yé send òhí Ohi úhùnmì message ‘Oje sent Ohi with a message. / Oje sent Ohi on an errand.’ |
★ | SEND |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
92 |
(93) Òjè yé òhí úhùnmì yé áfúzé'. òjè Oje yé send òhí Ohi úhùnmì message yé ALL áfúzé' Afuze ‘Oje sent Ohi on an errand to Afuze. / Oje sent Ohi with a message to Afuze.’ |
★ | SEND |
an Alternation:
Allative insertion |
93 |
(94) Àlèkè nwú ọ́lí émà. àlèkè Aleke nwú carry.SG ọ́lí the émà yam ‘Aleke carried the yam.’ |
★ | CARRY |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
94 |
(95) Àlèkè húá élí émà. àlèkè Aleke húá carry.PL élí the émà yam ‘Aleke carried the yams.’ |
★ | CARRY |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
95 |
(96) Àlèkè fí úkpóràn. àlèkè Aleke fí throw úkpóràn stick ‘Aleke threw a stick.’ |
★ | THROW |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
96 |
(97) Àlèkè fí úkpóràn yé òjè. àlèkè Aleke fí throw úkpóràn stick yé ALL òjè Oje ‘Aleke threw a stick to Oje.’ |
★ | THROW |
an Alternation:
Allative insertion |
97 |
(98) Òjè rẹ́ ọ́lí úì dín ọ́lí ẹ́wè. òjè Oje rẹ́ take ọ́lí the úì rope dín tie ọ́lí the ẹ́wè goat ‘Oje used the rope to tie the goat. / Oje tied the goat with a rope. / Oje tethered the goat with a rope.’ |
★ | TIE |
an Alternation:
Instrument insertion |
98 |
(99) Òjè dín úkpúì. òjè Oje dín tie úkpúì piece.rope ‘Oje tied a piece of rope. / Oje tied a rope.’ |
★ | TIE |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
99 |
(100) Òjè rẹ́ ẹ̀wàìn dín ọ́lí úì. òjè Oje rẹ́ take ẹ̀wàìn wisdom dín tie ọ́lí the úì rope ‘Oje used his intelligence to tie the rope. / Oje tied the rope with intelligence.’ |
★ | TIE |
an Alternation:
Instrument insertion |
100 |
(101) Òjè dín úkpúì ọ́ mẹ́ vbí óbọ̀. òjè Oje dín tie úkpúì piece.rope ọ́ CL mẹ́ me vbí LOC óbọ̀ arm ‘Oje tied a piece of rope onto my arm. / Oje tied a rope onto my arm.’ |
★ | TIE |
an Alternation:
Locative change of state |
101 |
(102) Òjè gbá àlèkè. òjè Oje gbá tie àlèkè Aleke ‘Oje has tied Aleke. / Oje has bound Aleke.’ |
★ | TIE |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
102 |
(103) È gbá ójé íì. è they gbá tie ójé Oje íì ropes ‘They tied Oje with ropes. / They bound Oje with ropes.’ |
★ | TIE |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
103 |
(104) Òjè nwú ọ̀gẹ̀dẹ̀ ọ́ vbì ìtébù. òjè Oje nwú take.hold.SG ọ̀gẹ̀dẹ̀ plantain ọ́ CL vbì LOC ìtébù table ‘Oje put plantain onto the table.’ |
★ | PUT |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 > vbi+3 |
104 |
(105) Òjè ọ́ọ́n àmẹ̀ ọ́ vbì ọ̀gọ́. òjè Oje ọ́ọ́n pour àmẹ̀ water ọ́ CL vbì LOC ọ̀gọ́ bottle ‘Oje poured water into the bottle.’ |
★ | POUR |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 > vbi+3 |
105 |
(106) Òjè rẹ́ àtìró ọ́ọ́n àmẹ̀ ọ́ vbì ọ̀gọ́. òjè Oje rẹ́ take àtìró funnel ọ́ọ́n pour àmẹ̀ water ọ́ CL vbì LOC ọ̀gọ́ bottle ‘Oje used a funnel to pour water into a bottle. / Oje poured water into a bottle with a funnel.’ |
★ | POUR |
an Alternation:
Instrument insertion |
106 |
(107) Òjè vóó ọ́lí ékpà. òjè Oje vóó cover ọ́lí the ékpà vomit ‘Oje covered the vomit.’ |
★ | COVER |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
107 |
(108) Òjè rẹ́ ìsọ́bìlì vóó ọ́lí ékpà. òjè Oje rẹ́ take ìsọ́bìlì shovel vóó cover ọ́lí the ékpà vomit ‘Oje used a shovel to cover the vomit. / Oje covered the vomit with a shovel.’ |
★ | COVER |
an Alternation:
Instrument insertion |
108 |
(109) Éànmì vọ́ọ́n úwáwá ísì òjè. éànmì meat vọ́ọ́n fill úwáwá pot ísì ASS òjè Oje ‘Meat filled the pot of Oje. / Meat filled Oje's pot.’ |
★ | FILL |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
109 |
(110) Úwáwá mẹ̀ vọ́ọ́nì. úwáwá pot mẹ̀ my vọ́ọ́n-ì fill-F ‘My pot is full.’ |
★ | FILL |
an Alternation:
Ambitransitive |
110 |
(111) Òjè kháán ọ́lì òísí'. òjè Oje kháán fill ọ́lì the òísí' gun ‘Oje filled the gun (with gunpowder). / Oje loaded the gun (with gunpowder).’ |
★ | FILL |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
111 |
(112) Òjè máá élí ékẹ́ín ọ́ọ́khọ̀. òjè Oje máá load élí the ékẹ́ín eggs ọ́ọ́khọ̀ chicken ‘Oje loaded the chicken eggs. / Oje arranged the chicken eggs (on a load).’ |
★ | LOAD |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
112 |
(113) Òjè máá élí ékẹ́ín ọ́ọ́khọ̀ ọ́ vbí íhùà. òjè Oje máá load élí the ékẹ́ín eggs ọ́ọ́khọ̀ chicken ọ́ CL vbí LOC íhùà burden ‘Oje loaded the chicken eggs onto his burden. / Oje arranged the chicken eggs onto his load.’ |
★ | LOAD |
an Alternation:
Locative change of state |
113 |
(114) Òjè máá íhùà. òjè Oje máá load íhùà burden ‘Oje loaded his burden. / Oje arranged his load.’ |
★ | LOAD |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
114 |
(115) Òjè héé òhí. òjè Oje héé load òhí Ohi ‘Oje loaded up Ohi.’ |
★ | LOAD |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
115 |
(116) Òjè gbé ẹ̀ò. òjè Oje gbé reposition ẹ̀ò eye ‘Oje blinked.’ |
★ | BLINK |
a Coding frame:
1 > V |
116 |
(117) Òjè hẹ́ẹ́n óràn. òjè Oje hẹ́ẹ́n climb óràn tree ‘Oje climbed a tree. / Oje ascended a tree.’ |
★ | CLIMB |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
117 |
(118) Òjè hẹ́ẹ́n ùdékẹ̀n. òjè Oje hẹ́ẹ́n climb ùdékẹ̀n wall ‘Oje climbed a wall.’ |
★ | CLIMB |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
118 |
(119) Òjè ọ̀ ọ́ lá. òjè Oje ọ̀ SC ọ́ C lá run ‘Oje is running.’ |
★ | RUN |
a Coding frame:
1 > V |
119 |
(120) Òjè díá vbì àgá. òjè Oje díá sit vbì LOC àgá chair ‘Oje sat in a chair.’ |
★ | SIT |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > vbi+2 |
120 |
(121) Òjè rẹ́ àgá díá. òjè Oje rẹ́ take àgá chair díá sit ‘Oje sat down in a chair.’ |
★ | SIT |
an Alternation:
Instrument insertion |
121 |
(122) Ọ̣́lì ẹ̀kpẹ̀n vbọ́ọ́ì. ọ́lì the ẹ̀kpẹ̀n leopard vbọ́ọ́-ì jump-F ‘The leopard jumped.’ |
★ | JUMP |
a Coding frame:
1 > V |
122 |
(123) Ọ́lí ẹ́kèé sánì. ọ́lí the ẹ́kèé frog sán-ì jump-F ‘The frog jumped. / The frog leapt.’ |
★ | JUMP |
a Coding frame:
1 > V |
123 |
(124) Òjè ọ̀ ọ́ sò íòò. òjè Oje ọ̀ SC ọ́ C sò sing íòò song ‘Oje is singing a song.’ |
★ | SING |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
124 |
(125) Òjè lódẹ̀ vbì ìwè. òjè Oje lódẹ̀ go vbì LOC ìwè house ‘Oje is going to the house.’ |
★ | GO |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > vbi+2 |
125 |
(126) Òjè ráálẹ̀. òjè Oje ráálẹ̀ move.away ‘Oje has moved away. / Oje has left.’ |
★ | LEAVE |
an Alternation:
Locative omission |
126 |
(127) Òjè zá vbì ìwè ráálẹ̀. òjè Oje zá be.at vbì LOC ìwè house ráálẹ̀ move.away ‘Oje has left the house. / Oje has moved away from the house.’ |
★ | LEAVE |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > vbi+2 |
127 |
(128) Òjè shọ́ọ́ vbí ẹ́kọ́à ré. òjè Oje shọ́ọ́ exit vbí LOC ẹ́kọ́à room ré arrive ‘Oje left the room. / Oje exited the room.’ |
★ | LEAVE |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > vbi+2 |
128 |
(129) Ójé díá vbí áfúzé'. ójé Oje díá live vbí LOC áfúzé' Afuze ‘Oje lived in Afuze.’ |
★ | LIVE |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > vbi+2 |
129 |
(130) Ójé jẹ́ì. ójé Oje jẹ́-ì laugh-F ‘Oje laughed.’ |
★ | LAUGH |
an Alternation:
Object omission |
130 |
(131) Òjè ọ̀ ọ́ jẹ̀ àlèkè. òjè Oje ọ̀ SC ọ́ C jẹ̀ laugh àlèkè Aleke ‘Oje is laughing at Aleke.’ |
★ | LAUGH |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
131 |
(132) Òjè ọ̀ ọ́ khùèè ọ́lì òkpòsò. òjè Oje ọ̀ SC ọ́ C khùèè shout.at ọ́lì the òkpòsò woman ‘Oje is screaming at the woman. / Oje is insulting the woman.’ |
★ | SHOUT AT |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
132 |
(133) Ékùn ọ̀ ọ́ tò òjè. ékùn waist ọ̀ SC ọ́ C tò pain òjè Oje ‘Oje's waist is paining him. / Oje has a pain at his waist.’ |
★ | FEEL PAIN |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
133 |
(134) Ọ́lì èmàì ọ̀ ọ́ rẹ̀ ùíín gbè àlèkè. ọ́lì the èmàì wound ọ̀ SC ọ́ C rẹ̀ take ùíín fever gbè catch àlèkè Aleke ‘The wound is making Aleke feverish.’ |
★ | FEEL COLD |
an Alternation:
Causative insertion |
134 |
(135) Úììn ọ̀ ọ́ gbè àlèkè. úììn fever ọ̀ SC ọ́ C gbè catch àlèkè Aleke ‘Aleke has the chills. / Aleke is feverish.’ |
★ | FEEL COLD |
a Coding frame:
V > 1 |
135 |
(136) Àlèkè úì. àlèkè Aleke ú-ì die-F ‘Aleke died.’ |
★ | DIE |
a Coding frame:
1 > V |
136 |
(137) Ọ̣́lí ọ́mọ̀ ọ̀ ọ́ sìé. ọ́lí the ọ́mọ̀ child ọ̀ SC ọ́ C sìé play ‘The child is playing.’ |
★ | PLAY |
a Coding frame:
1 > V |
137 |
(138) Ọ́lí ọ́mọ̀ ọ̀ ọ́ dòó. ọ́lí the ọ́mọ̀ child ọ̀ SC ọ́ C dòó fantasize ‘The child is fantasizing. / The child is at play in his fantasy.’ |
★ | PLAY |
a Coding frame:
1 > V |
138 |
(139) Òjè í ì ghọ̀nghọ́n. òjè Oje í SC ì NEG ghọ̀nghọ́n be.happy ‘Oje is sad. / Oje is not happy.’ |
★ | BE SAD |
a Coding frame:
N/A |
139 |
(140) Òhànmì ọ̀ ọ́ gbé òjè. òhànmì hunger ọ̀ SC ọ́ C gbé catch òjè Oje ‘Oje is hungry.’ |
★ | BE HUNGRY |
a Coding frame:
V > 1 |
140 |
(141) Òjè ọ̀ ọ́ gbùlù ọ̀lí íkẹ̀kẹ́. òjè Oje ọ̀ SC ọ́ C gbùlù roll ọ̀lí the íkẹ̀kẹ́ bicycle ‘Oje is rolling the bicycle.’ |
★ | ROLL (tr) |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
141 |
(142) Ọ́lì ùgbòfì ọ̀ ọ́ gbùlú. ọ́lì the ùgbòfì orange ọ̀ SC ọ́ C gbùlú roll ‘The orange is rolling.’ |
★ | ROLL (tr) |
an Alternation:
Ambitransitive |
142 |
(143) Òtọ̀ì há ó. òtọ̀ì ground há squeeze ó enter ‘The ground sunk.’ |
★ | SINK (tr) |
an Alternation:
Object omission |
143 |
(144) Òtọ̀ì há òjè ó. òtọ̀ì ground há squeeze òjè Oje ó enter ‘Oje sunk into the ground. / The ground swallowed up Oje.’ |
★ | SINK (tr) |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
144 |
(145) Ùkìn dé ó. ùkìn moon dé fall ó enter ‘The moon has sunk. / The moon had gone down.’ |
★ | SINK |
a Coding frame:
1 > V |
145 |
(146) Élí ébè ọ̀ ọ́ tóó. élí the ébè leaf ọ̀ SC ọ́ C tóó burn ‘The leaves are burning.’ |
★ | BURN (tr) |
an Alternation:
Ambitransitive |
146 |
(147) Òjè ọ̀ ọ́ tòò ébè. òjè Oje ọ̀ SC ọ́ C tòò burn ébè leaf ‘Oje is burning leaves.’ |
★ | BURN (tr) |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
147 |
(148) Ọ́lí úkpùn káì. ọ́lí the úkpùn cloth ká-ì dry-F ‘The cloth is dry.’ |
★ | BE DRY |
a Coding frame:
1 > V |
148 |
(149) Àmẹ̀ ọ̀ ọ́ rọ̀ọ́n. àmẹ̀ water ọ̀ SC ọ́ C rọ̀ọ́n rain ‘It is raining. / Rain is falling.’ |
★ | RAIN |
a Coding frame:
V |
149 |
(150) Òjè í ì vbì óhùà. òjè Oje í SC ì NEG vbì be óhùà hunter ‘Oje is not a hunter.’ |
★ | BE A HUNTER |
a Coding frame:
N/A |
150 |
(151) Óhùà ọ́ọ̀. óhùà hunter ọ́ọ̀ COP ‘He’s a hunter.’ |
★ | BE A HUNTER |
a Coding frame:
N/A |
151 |
(152) Òjè ọ̀ ọ́ lọ̀ ìsíẹ́ìn. òjè Oje ọ̀ SC ọ́ C lọ̀ grind ìsíẹ́ìn pepper ‘Oje is grinding pepper.’ |
★ | GRIND |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
152 |
(153) Òjè ọ̀ ọ́ rẹ̀ ùdó lọ̀ ìsíẹ́ìn. òjè Oje ọ̀ SC ọ́ C rẹ̀ take ùdó stone lọ̀ grind ìsíẹ́ìn pepper ‘Oje is using a stone to grind pepper. / Oje is grinding pepper with a stone.’ |
★ | GRIND |
an Alternation:
Instrument insertion |
153 |
(154) Òjè kálọ́ évbíí shọ́ọ́ vbì ìtébù ré. òjè Oje kálọ́ wipe évbíí oil shọ́ọ́ exit vbì LOC ìtébù table ré arrive ‘Oje wiped oil way off the table. / Oje rubbed oil way off the table.’ |
★ | WIPE |
an Alternation:
Elative insertion |
154 |
(155) Òjè kálọ́ évbíí vbì ìtébù ré. òjè Oje kálọ́ wipe évbíí oil vbì LOC ìtébù table ré arrive ‘Oje wiped oil from the table. / Oje rubbed oil from the table.’ |
★ | WIPE |
an Alternation:
Elative insertion |
155 |
(156) Òjè ọ̀ ọ́ kàlọ̀ ìtébù. òjè Oje ọ̀ SC ọ́ C kàlọ̀ wipe ìtébù table ‘Oje is wiping the table.’ |
★ | WIPE |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
156 |
(157) Òjè ọ̀ ọ́ rẹ̀ èsọ́nkpún kàlọ̀ ìtébù. òjè Oje ọ̀ SC ọ́ C rẹ̀ take èsọ́nkpún rag kàlọ̀ wipe ìtébù table ‘Oje is using a rag to wipe the table. / Oje wiped the table with a rag.’ |
★ | WIPE |
an Alternation:
Instrument insertion |
157 |
(158) Òjè tọ́n émà. òjè Oje tọ́n dig.for émà yam ‘Oje dug for yam. / Oje harvested yam.’ |
★ | DIG |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
158 |
(159) Òjè rẹ́ ọ́píá mẹ̀ tọ́n émà. òjè Oje rẹ́ take ọ́píá cutlass mẹ̀ my tọ́n dig.for émà yam ‘Oje used my cutlass to dig for yam. / Oje dug for yam with my cutlass.’ |
★ | DIG |
an Alternation:
Instrument insertion |
159 |
(160) Òjè vún ìbọ̀bọ̀dí. òjè Oje vún dig.for ìbọ̀bọ̀dí cassava ‘Oje dug up cassava. / Oje uprooted cassava.’ |
★ | DIG |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
160 |
(161) Òjè rẹ́ ọ́pìà vún ìbọ̀bọ̀dí. òjè Oje rẹ́ take ọ́pìà cutlass vún dig.for ìbọ̀bọ̀dí cassava ‘Oje used a cutlass to uproot cassava. / Oje uprooted cassava with a cutlass.’ |
★ | DIG |
an Alternation:
Instrument insertion |
161 |
(162) Òjè ọ̀ ọ́ sùà ẹ̀kpètè. òjè Oje ọ̀ SC ọ́ C sùà push ẹ̀kpètè stool ‘Oje is pushing a stool.’ |
★ | PUSH |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
162 |
(163) Òjè nwú émà ré. òjè Oje nwú take.hold.SG émà yam ré arrive ‘Oje brought yam.’ |
★ | BRING |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
163 |
(164) Òjè dó ọ́lí úkpùn nwú. òjè Oje dó engage.in.stealth ọ́lí the úkpùn cloth nwú take.hold.SG ‘Oje stole the cloth.’ |
★ | STEAL |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
164 |
(165) Òjè dó élí éwè húá. òjè Oje dó engage.in.stealth élí the éwè goats húá take.hold.PL ‘Oje stole the goats.’ |
★ | STEAL |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
165 |
(166) Òjè rẹ́ ìsọ́ọ̀mù vbíẹ́ẹ́ òhí. òjè Oje rẹ́ take ìsọ́ọ̀mù arithmetic vbíẹ́ẹ́ teach òhí Ohi ‘Oje taught arithmetic to Ohi. / Oje showed arithmetic to Ohi.’ |
★ | TEACH | the Verb form vbiẹẹ | 166 |
(167) Òjè vbíẹ́ẹ́ òhí ìsọ́ọ̀mù. òjè Oje vbíẹ́ẹ́ teach òhí Ohi ìsọ́ọ̀mù arithmetic ‘Oje taught Ohi arithmetic.’ |
★ | TEACH |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 > 3 |
167 |
(168) Ójé ọ́ ọ̀ họ̀n éhọ̀n. ójé Oje ọ́ SC ọ̀ H họ̀n perceive.with éhọ̀n ear ‘Oje hears. / Oje perceives with his ear.’ |
★ | HEAR | the Verb form họn | 168 |
(169) ójé ọ́ ọ̀ họ̀n íhùè. ójé Oje ọ́ SC ọ̀ H họ̀n perceive.with íhùè nose ‘Oje perceives with his nose. / Oje smells (something).’ |
★ | HEAR | the Verb form họn | 169 |
(170) òjè ọ̀ ọ́ họ̀n ìkhúéé àlèkè. òjè Oje ọ̀ SC ọ́ H họ̀n perceive ìkhúéé sound àlèkè Aleke ‘Oje is hearing Aleke.’ |
★ | HEAR |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
170 |
(171) Ọ̣́lì èràìn í khà vbìè émàè. ọ́lì the èràìn fire í SC khà PROSNEG vbìè cook émàè food ‘The fire will not cook food.’ |
★ | COOK |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
171 |
(172) Ọ́lí émàè vbíéì. ọ́lí the émàè food vbíé-ì cook-F ‘The food got cooked.’ |
★ | COOK |
an Alternation:
Ambitransitive |
172 |
(173) Àlèkè nyẹ́ òmì. àlèkè Aleke nyẹ́ cook òmì soup ‘Aleke cooked soup. / Aleke prepared soup.’ |
★ | COOK |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
173 |
(174) Àlèkè rẹ́ ùwàwà nyẹ́ òmì. àlèkè Aleke rẹ́ take ùwàwà pot nyẹ́ cook òmì soup ‘Aleke used a pot to cook soup. / Aleke cooked soup with a pot.’ |
★ | COOK |
an Alternation:
Instrument insertion |
174 |
(175) Ọ́lì òmì tínì. ọ́lì the òmì soup tín-ì boil-F ‘The soup boiled.’ |
★ | BOIL |
a Coding frame:
1 > V |
175 |
(176) Àlèkè rẹ́ égbè vbíẹ́ẹ́. àlèkè Aleke rẹ́ take égbè body vbíẹ́ẹ́ become.apparent ‘Aleke appeared. / Aleke made her body apparent.’ |
★ | APPEAR |
an Alternation:
Object omission |
176 |
(177) Àlèkè rẹ́ égbè vbíẹ́ẹ́ ívbíá ọ́ì. àlèkè Aleke rẹ́ take égbè body vbíẹ́ẹ́ become.apparent ívbíá children ọ́ì her ‘Aleke appeared to her children. / Aleke made herself apparent to her children.’ |
★ | APPEAR |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
177 |
(178) Ọ̣́ ọ̀ tò òjè. ọ́ SC ọ̀ H tò pain òjè Oje ‘Oje is ill. / Something is paining Oje.’ |
★ | BE ILL |
a Coding frame:
V > 1 |
178 |
(179) Ójé víẹ́ì. ójé Oje víẹ́-ì cry.for-F ‘Oje cried.’ |
★ | CRY |
an Alternation:
Object omission |
179 |
(180) Òjè ọ̀ ọ́ vìẹ̀ èrá ọ́ì. òjè Oje ọ̀ SC ọ́ C vìẹ̀ cry.for èrá father ọ́ì his ‘Oje is crying for his father. / Oje is mourning his father.’ |
★ | CRY |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
180 |
(181) Òjè déì. òjè Oje dé-ì fall-F ‘Oje fell.’ |
★ | FALL |
a Coding frame:
1 > V |
181 |
(182) Òjè ẹ́hẹ́n àkpótì. òjè Oje ẹ́hẹ́n build àkpótì box ‘Oje made a box (of wood). / Oje built a box.’ |
★ | MAKE |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
182 |
(183) Òjè míẹ́ẹ́ éghó'. òjè Oje míẹ́ẹ́ receive éghó' money ‘Oje received money. / Oje accepted money.’ |
★ | GET |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 > 3 |
183 |
(184) Òjè míẹ́ẹ́ áléké éghó'. òjè Oje míẹ́ẹ́ receive áléké Aleke éghó' money ‘Oje received money from Aleke. / Oje accepted money from Aleke.’ |
★ | GET |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 > 3 |
184 |
(185) Òjè ọ̀ ọ́ hòò lí áléké dà ẹ́nyọ̀. òjè Oje ọ̀ SC ọ́ C hòò want lí SUBJ áléké Aleke dà drink ẹ́nyọ̀ wine ‘Oje wants Aleke to drink wine. / Oje intends that Aleke should drink wine.’ |
★ | WANT |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > li+CC2 |
185 |
(186) Ójé lọ́ hòò émà lí ọ́lì ọ̀nwìmè. ójé Oje lọ́ PRED hòò search.for émà yam lí APP ọ́lì the ọ̀nwìmè farmer ‘Oje will search for yam for the farmer.’ |
★ | SEARCH FOR |
an Alternation:
Applicative li insertion |
186 |
(187) Òjè ọ̀ ọ́ rẹ̀ ùrúkpá mẹ́ hòò ákhè. òjè Oje ọ̀ SC ọ́ C rẹ̀ take ùrúkpá lantern mẹ́ my hòò search.for ákhè pot ‘Oje is using my lantern to search for a pot. / Oje is searching for a pot with my lantern.’ |
★ | SEARCH FOR |
an Alternation:
Instrument insertion |
187 |
(188) Àlèkè rẹ́ íhìọ̀n khọ́ọ́ ọ́lí ọ́mọ̀. àlèkè Aleke rẹ́ take íhìọ̀n sponge khọ́ọ́ wash ọ́lí the ọ́mọ̀ child ‘Aleke used a sponge to bathe the child.’ |
★ | WASH |
an Alternation:
Instrument insertion |
188 |
(189) Àlèkè khọ́ọ́ lí òjè. àlèkè Aleke khọ́ọ́ bathe lí APP òjè Oje ‘Aleke bathed Oje. / Aleke gave a bath to Oje.’ |
★ | WASH |
an Alternation:
Applicative li insertion |
189 |
(190) Òjè zẹ́ étò lí ínyọ́ ọ́ì. òjè Oje zẹ́ shave étò hair lí APP ínyọ́ mother ọ́ì his ‘Oje shaved his hair for his mother. / Oje shaved in honor of his mother.’ |
★ | SHAVE (a body part/person) |
an Alternation:
Applicative li insertion |
190 |
(191) Òjè zẹ́ óà lí òhí. òjè Oje zẹ́ build óà home lí APP òhí Ohi ‘Oje built a house for Ohi.’ |
★ | BUILD |
an Alternation:
Applicative li insertion |
191 |
(192) Òjè gúọ́ghọ́ úkpàsánmì kú ọ́ vbí úkpódẹ̀. òjè Oje gúọ́ghọ́ break úkpàsánmì cane kú spread ọ́ CL vbí LOC úkpódẹ̀ road ‘Oje broke his cane all over the road.’ |
★ | BREAK |
an Alternation:
Distributive locative insertion (specific) |
192 |
(193) Òjè gbóó élí ékhè kú ọ́ vbí úkpódẹ̀. òjè Oje gbóó break élí the ékhè pots kú spread ọ́ CL vbí LOC úkpódẹ̀ road ‘Oje broke the pots all over the road.’ |
★ | BREAK |
an Alternation:
Distributive locative insertion (specific) |
193 |
(194) Òjè gbóó élí ívbèkhàn kú ọ́ vbí úkpódẹ̀. òjè Oje gbóó kill élí the ívbèkhàn youths kú spread ọ́ CL vbí LOC úkpódẹ̀ road ‘Oje killed the youths all over the road.’ |
★ | KILL |
an Alternation:
Distributive locative insertion (specific) |
194 |
(195) Òjè ọ̀ ọ́ gbè ọ̀lí ọ́vbékhán lì ọ̀há ọ́ì. òjè Oje ọ̀ SC ọ́ C gbè beat ọ̀lí the ọ́vbékhán youth lì APP ọ̀há wife ọ́ì his ‘Oje is beating the youth for his wife.’ |
★ | BEAT |
an Alternation:
Applicative li insertion |
195 |
(196) Ọ̣́lí úì híán á'. ọ́lí the úì rope híán cut á' CS ‘The rope got cut off.’ |
★ | CUT |
an Alternation:
Ambitransitive |
196 |
(197) Òjè híán ọ́lí úì lí òhí. òjè Oje híán cut ọ́lí the úì rope lí APP òhí Ohi ‘Oje cut the rope for Ohi.’ |
★ | CUT |
an Alternation:
Applicative li insertion |
197 |
(198) Òjè híán ọ́lí úì ọ́ vbì èvá. òjè Oje híán cut ọ́lí the úì rope ọ́ CL vbì LOC èvá two ‘Oje cut the rope into two.’ |
★ | CUT |
an Alternation:
Locative change of state |
198 |
(199) Òjè híán émà yé òhí. òjè Oje híán cut émà yam yé ALL òhí Ohi ‘Oje took yam to Ohi.’ |
★ | CUT |
an Alternation:
Allative insertion |
199 |
(200) Élí ímọ̀hè híán ọ́lí úgbó' kú ọ́ vbì òtọ̀ì. élí the ímọ̀hè men híán cut ọ́lí the úgbó' forest kú spread ọ́ CL vbì LOC òtọ̀ì ground ‘The men cut the forest all the way to the ground.’ |
★ | CUT |
an Alternation:
Distributive locative insertion (specific) |
200 |
(201) Òjè bẹ́nnọ́ éràn kú ọ́ vbí úkpódẹ̀. òjè Oje bẹ́n-nọ́ cut-DS éràn wood kú spread ọ́ CL vbí LOC úkpódẹ̀ road ‘Oje cut wood all over the road. / Oje chopped wood all over the road.’ |
★ | CUT |
an Alternation:
Distributive locative insertion (specific) |
201 |
(202) Òjè bẹ́nnọ́ ùkèlè lí élí ívbèkhàn. òjè Oje bẹ́n-nọ́ cut-DS ùkèlè morsel lí APP élí the ívbèkhàn youths ‘Oje cut morsels for the children. / Oje chopped morsels for the children.’ |
★ | CUT |
an Alternation:
Applicative li insertion |
202 |
(203) Òjè nyá úsúọ́ká vbí óràn ré. òjè Oje nyá tear úsúọ́ká maize.ear vbí LOC óràn stalk ré arrive ‘Oje tore an ear of maize from the stalk. / Oje ripped an ear of maize from the stalk.’ |
★ | TEAR |
an Alternation:
Elative insertion |
203 |
(204) Òjè bóló ọ̀gẹ̀dẹ̀ lí òhí. òjè Oje bóló peel ọ̀gẹ̀dẹ̀ plantain lí APP òhí Ohi ‘Oje peeled plantain for Ohi.’ |
★ | PEEL |
an Alternation:
Applicative li insertion |
204 |
(205) Òjè bóló ọ̀gẹ̀dẹ̀ fí ọ́ vbí úkpódẹ̀. òjè Oje bóló peel ọ̀gẹ̀dẹ̀ plantain fí propel ọ́ CL vbí LOC úkpódẹ̀ road ‘Oje peeled plantain all over the road. / Oje tossed plantain peelings all over the road.’ |
★ | PEEL |
an Alternation:
Distributive locative insertion (specific) |
205 |
(206) Òjè fọ́lọ́ émà lí àlèkè. òjè Oje fọ́lọ́ peel émà yam lí APP àlèkè Aleke ‘Oje peeled yam for Aleke.’ |
★ | PEEL |
an Alternation:
Applicative li insertion |
206 |
(207) Òjè rẹ́ ẹ̀kpà nwú émà. òjè Oje rẹ́ take ẹ̀kpà bag nwú carry.SG émà yam ‘Oje carried yam with a bag. / Oje used a bag to carry yam.’ |
★ | CARRY |
an Alternation:
Instrument insertion |
207 |
(208) Àlèkè fí èkhọ̀ì fí ẹ́ òhí. àlèkè Aleke fí throw èkhọ̀ì worm fí propel ẹ́ PA òhí Ohi ‘Aleke threw a worm onto Ohi.’ |
★ | THROW |
an Alternation:
Projected adherence insertion |
208 |
(209) Àlèkè fí éànmì fí ọ́ vbì òkpàn. àlèkè Aleke fí throw éànmì meat fí propel ọ́ CL vbì LOC òkpàn gourd ‘Aleke threw meat into the gourd.’ |
★ | THROW |
an Alternation:
Distributive locative insertion (specific) |
209 |
(210) Àlèkè gbá ọ̀gbẹ̀lẹ̀ lí òjè. àlèkè Aleke gbá tie ọ̀gbẹ̀lẹ̀ baby.sash lí APP òjè Oje ‘Aleke tied the baby sash for Oje.’ |
★ | TIE |
an Alternation:
Applicative li insertion |
210 |
(211) Àlèkè gbá ìsávbẹ̀ẹ́ ọ́ vbì àwẹ̀. àlèkè Aleke gbá tie ìsávbẹ̀ẹ́ dika.nut.anklet ọ́ CL vbì LOC àwẹ̀ feet ‘Aleke tied dika nut anklets onto her feet.’ |
★ | TIE |
an Alternation:
Locative change of state |
211 |
(212) Òjè kẹ́nhẹ́ni. òjè Oje kẹ́nhẹ́n-i cough-F ‘Oje coughed.’ |
★ | COUGH |
a Coding frame:
1 > V |
212 |
(213) Òjè kẹ́nhẹ́n kú ọ́ vbí émàè. òjè Oje kẹ́nhẹ́n cough kú spread ọ́ CL vbí LOC émàè food ‘Oje coughed all over the food.’ |
★ | COUGH |
an Alternation:
Distributive locative insertion (specific) |
213 |
(214) Òjè rẹ́ úì hẹ́ẹ́n ọ́lí údìn. òjè Oje rẹ́ take úì rope hẹ́ẹ́n climb ọ́lí the údìn palm.tree ‘Oje climbed the palm tree with a rope. / Oje used a rope to climb the palm tree.’ |
★ | CLIMB |
an Alternation:
Instrument insertion |
214 |
(215) Ójé ọ̀ ọ́ lá lí ọ̀nwìmè. ójé Oje ọ̀ SC ọ́ C lá run lí APP ọ̀nwìmè farmer ‘Oje is running from the farmer.’ |
★ | RUN |
an Alternation:
Applicative li insertion |
215 |
(216) Òjè lá fì á. òjè Oje lá run fì propel á CS ‘Oje ran off. / Oje ran away.’ |
★ | RUN |
an Alternation:
Distributive locative insertion (unspecific) |
216 |
(217) Ọ̣́lì ẹ̀kpẹ̀n vbọ́ọ́ fì ọ́ vbì òtọ̀ì. ọ́lì the ẹ̀kpẹ̀n leopard vbọ́ọ́ jump fì propel ọ́ CL vbì LOC òtọ̀ì ground ‘The leopard jumped onto the ground.’ |
★ | JUMP |
an Alternation:
Distributive locative insertion (specific) |
217 |
(218) Ọ̣́lì ẹ̀kpẹ̀n vbọ́ọ́ fì á. ọ́lì the ẹ̀kpẹ̀n leopard vbọ́ọ́ jump fì propel á CS ‘The leopard jumped away.’ |
★ | JUMP |
an Alternation:
Distributive locative insertion (unspecific) |
218 |
(219) Ọ̣́lí ẹ́kèé sán fì ọ́ vbí úkpódẹ̀. ọ́lí the ẹ́kèé frog sán jump fì propel ọ́ CL vbí LOC úkpódẹ̀ road ‘The frog jumped onto the road. / The frog leaped onto the road.’ |
★ | JUMP |
an Alternation:
Distributive locative insertion (specific) |
219 |
(220) Ọ̣́lí ẹ́kèé sán fì á. ọ́lí the ẹ́kèé frog sán jump fì propel á CS ‘The frog jumped away. / The frog leaped away.’ |
★ | JUMP |
an Alternation:
Distributive locative insertion (unspecific) |
220 |
(221) Òjè só íòò vbíẹ́ẹ́ àlèkè. òjè Oje só sing íòò song vbíẹ́ẹ́ show àlèkè Aleke ‘Oje sang a song to Aleke.’ |
★ | SING |
an Alternation:
Addressee vbiee insertion |
221 |
(222) Òjè shọ́ọ́ ré. òjè Oje shọ́ọ́ exit ré arrive ‘Oje left. / Oje exited.’ |
★ | LEAVE |
an Alternation:
Locative omission |
222 |
(223) Áléké ú fì ọ́ vbí ídámí úkpódẹ̀. áléké Aleke ú die fì propel ọ́ CL vbí LOC ídámí forward úkpódẹ̀ road ‘Aleke dropped dead up ahead on the road.’ |
★ | DIE |
an Alternation:
Distributive locative insertion (specific) |
223 |
(224) Àlèkè ú fí à. àlèkè Aleke ú die fí propel à CS ‘Aleke died off. / Aleke dropped dead.’ |
★ | DIE |
an Alternation:
Distributive locative insertion (unspecific) |
224 |
(225) Áléké ú ọ́ vbí ídámí úkpódẹ̀. áléké Aleke ú die ọ́ CL vbí LOC ídámí forward úkpódẹ̀ road ‘Aleke died up ahead on the road.’ |
★ | DIE |
an Alternation:
Locative change of state |
225 |
(226) Ọ̣̣́́lí ọ́mọ̀ ọ̀ ọ́ rẹ̀ èkẹ́n dòó. ọ́lí the ọ́mọ̀ child ọ̀ SC ọ́ C rẹ̀ take èkẹ́n sand dòó fantasize ‘The child is fantasizing with sand. / The child is playing with sand.’ |
★ | PLAY |
an Alternation:
Instrument insertion |
226 |
(227) Ọ́lì ìkhùnmì ọ̀ ọ́ rẹ̀ òhánmí gbè òjè. ọ́lì the ìkhùnmì medicine ọ̀ SC ọ́ C rẹ̀ take òhánmí hunger gbè catch òjè Oje ‘The medicine is making Oje hungry.’ |
★ | BE HUNGRY |
an Alternation:
Causative insertion |
227 |
(228) Òjè ọ̀ ọ́ rẹ̀ ègbé gbùlù èkẹ̀n. òjè Oje ọ̀ SC ọ́ C rẹ̀ take ègbé body gbùlù roll èkẹ̀n sand ‘Oje is rolling in the sand with his body. / Oje is rolling his body in the sand.’ |
★ | ROLL (tr) |
an Alternation:
Instrument insertion |
228 |
(229) Òjè rẹ́ èràìn tóó ọ́lí ébè á. òjè Oje rẹ́ take èràìn fire tóó burn ọ́lí the ébè leaf á CS ‘Oje used a fire to burn up the leaves. / Oje burned up the leaves with a fire.’ |
★ | BURN (tr) |
an Alternation:
Instrument insertion |
229 |
(230) Òjè tóó ọ́lí ébè kú à. òjè Oje tóó burn ọ́lí the ébè leaf kú spread à CS ‘Oje burned the leaves away entirely. / Oje burned up all the leaves.’ |
★ | BURN (tr) |
an Alternation:
Distributive locative insertion (unspecific) |
230 |
(231) Òjè nwú ọ́lí úkpùn ká. òjè Oje nwú take.hold.SG ọ́lí the úkpùn cloth ká dry ‘Oje put the cloth to dry. / Oje dried the cloth.’ |
★ | BE DRY |
an Alternation:
Causative insertion |
231 |
(232) Òjè lọ́ ísíẹ́ìn ọ́ vbì ìtásà. òjè Oje lọ́ grind ísíẹ́ìn pepper ọ́ CL vbì LOC ìtásà plate ‘Oje ground pepper onto the plate.’ |
★ | GRIND |
an Alternation:
Locative change of state |
232 |
(233) Òjè lọ́ ísíẹ́ìn lí òhí. òjè Oje lọ́ grind ísíẹ́ìn pepper lí APP òhí Ohi ‘Oje ground pepper for Ohi.’ |
★ | GRIND |
an Alternation:
Applicative li insertion |
233 |
(234) Òjè lọ́ ísíẹ́ìn kú ọ́ vbì ìtásà. òjè Oje lọ́ grind ísíẹ́ìn pepper kú spread ọ́ CL vbì LOC ìtásà plate ‘Oje ground pepper all over the plate.’ |
★ | GRIND |
an Alternation:
Distributive locative insertion (specific) |
234 |
(235) Àlèkè ọ̀ ọ́ kàlọ̀ ìtébú lì òhí. àlèkè Aleke ọ̀ SC ọ́ C kàlọ̀ wipe ìtébú table lì APP òhí Ohi ‘Aleke is wiping the table for Ohi. / Aleke is wiping the table for Ohi's benefit.’ |
★ | WIPE |
an Alternation:
Applicative li insertion |
235 |
(236) Òjè kálọ́ évbìì ọ́ vbì ìtébù. òjè Oje kálọ́ wipe évbìì oil ọ́ CL vbì LOC ìtébù table ‘Oje wiped oil onto the table. / Oje rubbed oil onto the table.’ |
★ | WIPE |
an Alternation:
Locative change of state |
236 |
(237) Òjè tọ́n émà lí òhí. òjè Oje tọ́n dig.for émà yam lí APP òhí Ohi ‘Oje dug yam for Ohi. / Oje harvested yam for Ohi.’ |
★ | DIG |
an Alternation:
Applicative li insertion |
237 |
(238) Òjè tọ́n émà yé òhí. òjè Oje tọ́n dig.for émà yam yé ALL òhí Ohi ‘Oje took yam to Ohi.’ |
★ | DIG |
an Alternation:
Allative insertion |
238 |
(239) Òjè vún ìbọ̀bọ̀dí yé òhí. òjè Oje vún dig.for ìbọ̀bọ̀dí cassava yé ALL òhí Ohi ‘Oje took cassava to Ohi.’ |
★ | DIG |
an Alternation:
Allative insertion |
239 |
(240) Òjè vún ìbọ̀bọ̀dí lí òhí. òjè Oje vún dig.for ìbọ̀bọ̀dí cassava lí APP òhí Ohi ‘Oje dug up cassava for Ohi.’ |
★ | DIG |
an Alternation:
Applicative li insertion |
240 |
(241) Òjè ọ̀ ọ́ sùà ẹ̀kpètè lí àlèkè. òjè Oje ọ̀ SC ọ́ C sùà push ẹ̀kpètè stool lí APP àlèkè Aleke ‘Oje is pushing a stool for Aleke.’ |
★ | PUSH |
an Alternation:
Applicative li insertion |
241 |
(242) Òjè súá ọ́lí údò yé òhí. òjè Oje súá push ọ́lí the údò stone yé ALL òhí Ohi ‘Oje pushed the stone to Ohi.’ |
★ | PUSH |
an Alternation:
Allative insertion |
242 |
(243) Òjè súá údò fí ọ́ vbí ẹ́dà. òjè Oje súá push údò rock fí propel ọ́ CL vbí LOC ẹ́dà river ‘Oje pushed a rock into the river.’ |
★ | PUSH |
an Alternation:
Distributive locative insertion (specific) |
243 |
(244) Òjè súá údò fí à. òjè Oje súá push údò rock fí propel à CS ‘Oje pushed a rock away.’ |
★ | PUSH |
an Alternation:
Distributive locative insertion (unspecific) |
244 |
(245) Òjè zẹ́ èkẹ̀n ré. òjè Oje zẹ́ scoop èkẹ̀n sand ré arrive ‘Oje brought sand.’ |
★ | BRING |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
245 |
(246) Àlèkè nyẹ́ òmì lí òjè. àlèkè Aleke nyẹ́ cook òmì soup lí APP òjè Oje ‘Aleke cooked soup for Oje. / Aleke gave soup to Oje.’ |
★ | COOK |
an Alternation:
Applicative li insertion |
246 |
(247) Àlèkè nyẹ́ òmì yé òjè. àlèkè Aleke nyẹ́ cook òmì soup yé ALL òjè Oje ‘Aleke took soup to Oje.’ |
★ | COOK |
an Alternation:
Allative insertion |
247 |
(248) Ọ́lì òmì ọ̀ ọ́ tín kù ọ̀ vbí èràìn. ọ́lì the òmì soup ọ̀ SC ọ́ C tín boil kù spread ọ̀ CL vbí LOC èràìn fire ‘The soup is boiling over into the fire.’ |
★ | BOIL |
an Alternation:
Distributive locative insertion (specific) |
248 |
(249) Ọ̣́lì òmì ọ̀ ọ́ tín kú à. ọ́lì the òmì soup ọ̀ SC ọ́ C tín boil kú spread à CS ‘The soup is boiling over.’ |
★ | BOIL |
an Alternation:
Distributive locative insertion (unspecific) |
249 |
(250) Údúkpù dé fì ọ́ vbì òtọ̀ì. údúkpù coconut dé fall fì propel ọ́ CL vbì LOC òtọ̀ì ground ‘A coconut fell onto the ground.’ |
★ | FALL |
an Alternation:
Distributive locative insertion (specific) |
250 |
(251) Údúkpù dé fì á. údúkpù coconut dé fall fì propel á CS ‘A coconut fell off.’ |
★ | FALL |
an Alternation:
Distributive locative insertion (unspecific) |
251 |
(252) Òjè rẹ́ ìbàbó ẹ́hẹ́n ígbàlàkà. òjè Oje rẹ́ take ìbàbó bamboo ẹ́hẹ́n make ígbàlàkà ladder ‘Oje made a ladder with bamboo. / Oje used bamboo to make a ladder.’ |
★ | MAKE |
an Alternation:
Instrument insertion |
252 |
(253) Òjè ẹ́hẹ́n àkpótì lì òhí. òjè Oje ẹ́hẹ́n build àkpótì box lì APP òhí Ohi ‘Oje built a box for Ohi.’ |
★ | MAKE |
an Alternation:
Applicative li insertion |
253 |
(254) Òjè ẹ́hẹ́n ígbàlàkà yé òhí. òjè Oje ẹ́hẹ́n make ígbàlàkà ladder yé ALL òhí Ohi ‘Oje took a ladder to Ohi.’ |
★ | MAKE |
an Alternation:
Allative insertion |
254 |
(255) Òjè míẹ́ẹ́ òhí ọ́píá vbí óbọ̀. òjè Oje míẹ́ẹ́ seize òhí Ohi ọ́píá cutlass vbí LOC óbọ̀ hand ‘Oje seized a cutlass from Ohi's hand.’ |
★ | TAKE |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 > 3 > vbi+4 |
255 |
(256) Òjè ghóó ùòkhò lí òhí. òjè Oje ghóó look.at ùòkhò back lí APP òhí Ohi ‘Oje watched the back for Ohi. / Oje looked for Ohi at the back.’ |
★ | LOOK AT |
an Alternation:
Applicative li insertion |
256 |
(257) Òjè rẹ́ àgbòí mẹ̀ zẹ́ étò. òjè Oje rẹ́ take àgbòí jackknife mẹ̀ my zẹ́ shave étò hair ‘Oje shaved his hair with my jackknife. / Oje used my jackknife to shave his hair.’ |
★ | SHAVE (a body part/person) |
an Alternation:
Instrument insertion |
257 |
(258) Òjè gúọ́ghọ́ úkpàsánmì kú à. òjè Oje gúọ́ghọ́ break úkpàsánmì cane kú spread à CS ‘Oje broke his cane into smithereens. / Oje broke his cane all over the place.’ |
★ | BREAK |
an Alternation:
Distributive locative insertion (unspecific) |
258 |
(259) Òjè gbóó élí ívbèkhàn kú à. òjè Oje gbóó kill élí the ívbèkhàn youths kú spread à CS ‘Oje killed off the youths.’ |
★ | KILL |
an Alternation:
Distributive locative insertion (unspecific) |
259 |
(260) Òjè bẹ́nnọ́ éràn kú à. òjè Oje bẹ́n-nọ́ cut-DS éràn wood kú spread à CS ‘Oje chopped wood to a rubble. / Oje cut the wood away.’ |
★ | CUT |
an Alternation:
Distributive locative insertion (unspecific) |
260 |
(261) Àlèkè fí ọ́lí ọ́pìà fí à. àlèkè Aleke fí throw ọ́lí the ọ́pìà cutlass fí propel à CS ‘Aleke threw the cutlass away.’ |
★ | THROW |
an Alternation:
Distributive locative insertion (unspecific) |
261 |
(262) Òjè húá élì ọ̀gẹ̀dẹ̀ ọ́ vbì ìtébù. òjè Oje húá take.hold.PL élì the ọ̀gẹ̀dẹ̀ plantain ọ́ CL vbì LOC ìtébù table ‘Oje put the plantains onto the table.’ |
★ | PUT |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 > vbi+3 |
262 |
(263) Òjè kẹ́nhẹ́n kù á. òjè Oje kẹ́nhẹ́n cough kù spread á CS ‘Oje coughed all over. / Oje coughed away.’ |
★ | COUGH |
an Alternation:
Distributive locative insertion (unspecific) |
263 |
(264) Ọ́lì ùgbòfì gbúlú ọ́ vbí ẹ́kọ́à. ọ́lì the ùgbòfì orange gbúlú roll ọ́ CL vbí LOC ẹ́kọ́à room ‘The orange rolled into the room.’ |
★ | ROLL (tr) |
an Alternation:
Locative change of state |
264 |
(265) Òjè rẹ́ ósìí é émà. òjè Oje rẹ́ take ósìí stew é eat émà yam ‘Oje used stew to eat pounded yam. / Oje ate pounded yam with stew.’ |
★ | EAT |
an Alternation:
Instrument insertion |
265 |
(266) Òjè zẹ́lọ́ ìwè kú ọ́ vbì èkó. òjè Oje zẹ́-lọ́ build-DS ìwè house kú spread ọ́ CL vbì LOC èkó Lagos ‘Oje built houses all over Lagos.’ |
★ | BUILD |
an Alternation:
Distributive locative insertion (specific) |
266 |
(267) Ámẹ́ ísì ìfííjí ọ́ ọ̀ fọ́. ámẹ́ water ísì ASS ìfííjí refrigerator ọ́ SC ọ̀ H fọ́ be.cool ‘Refrigerator water is cool.’ |
★ | BE COLD |
a Coding frame:
1 > V |
267 |
(268) Òjè gbúlú ọ́lí íkẹ̀kẹ́ yé òhí. òjè Oje gbúlú roll ọ́lí the íkẹ̀kẹ́ bicycle yé ALL òhí Ohi ‘Oje rolled the bicycle to Ohi.’ |
★ | ROLL (tr) |
an Alternation:
Allative insertion |
268 |
(269) Òjè gbúlú ọ́lí íkẹ̀kẹ́ shọ́ọ́ vbí úkpódẹ̀ ré. òjè Oje gbúlú roll ọ́lí the íkẹ̀kẹ́ bicycle shọ́ọ́ exit vbí LOC úkpódẹ̀ road ré arrive ‘Oje rolled the bicycle way off the road.’ |
★ | ROLL (tr) |
an Alternation:
Elative insertion |
269 |
(270) Ọ́lí ókọ̀ dé ó vbí ẹ́kẹ́ín ẹ́dà. ọ́lí the ókọ̀ canoe dé fall ó enter vbí LOC ẹ́kẹ́ín inside ẹ́dà river ‘The canoe sank into the river.’ |
★ | SINK |
a Coding frame:
1 > V |
270 |
(271) Òjè nwú íhùà héé òhí. òjè Oje nwú take.hold.SG íhùà burden héé load òhí Ohi ‘Oje put a burden on Ohi's head. / Oje loaded Ohi with a burden.’ |
★ | LOAD | the Verb form hee | 271 |
(272) Òjè kpé ọ́lì òkpàn. òjè Oje kpé wash ọ́lì the òkpàn gourd ‘Oje washed the gourd.’ |
★ | WASH |
a Coding frame:
1 > V > 2 |
272 |
(273) Òjè kpé ọ́lì ìtásà lí àlèkè. òjè Oje kpé wash ọ́lì the ìtásà plate lí APP àlèkè Aleke ‘Oje washed the plate for Aleke.’ |
★ | WASH |
an Alternation:
Applicative li insertion |
273 |
(274) Òjè rẹ́ ósá lí óbí'n kpé ìtásà. òjè Oje rẹ́ take ósá soap lí R óbí'n black kpé wash ìtásà plate ‘Oje used black soap to wash plates. / Oje washed plates with black soap.’ |
★ | WASH |
an Alternation:
Instrument insertion |
274 |
(275) Òjè kpé ọ́lì òmì kú ọ́ vbì ìtébù. òjè Oje kpé wash ọ́lì the òmì soup kú spread ọ́ CL vbì LOC ìtébù table ‘Oje splattered the soup all over the table. / Oje washed the soup around all over the table.’ |
★ | WASH |
an Alternation:
Distributive locative insertion (specific) |
275 |
(276) Òjè kpé ọ́lì òmì kú à. òjè Oje kpé wash ọ́lì the òmì soup kú spread à CS ‘Oje washed the soup away.’ |
★ | WASH |
an Alternation:
Distributive locative insertion (unspecific) |
276 |