Alternations of Emai
| Alternation name | Coded? | Description | Examples | Verbs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
U
|
n |
The ambitransitive alternation relates bivalent <SUB V1 DOB> to monovalent <SUB V1>; bivalent <SUB V1 DOB a> to monovalent <SUB V1 a>; or bivalent <SUB V1 DOB V2 a> to monovalent <SUB V1 V2 a>, where V2 is ku. In each instance monovalent SUB is indexed to bivalent DOB. |
12 | |
|
U
|
n | The object omission alternation relates bivalent <SUB V1 DOB> to monovalent <SUB V1>; or bivalent <SUB V1 DOB V2> to monovalent <SUB V1 V2>, where DOB is omitted. | 7 | |
|
U
|
n | The locative omission alternation relates bivalent <SUB V1 vbi+LOC V2> to monovalent <SUB V1 V2>; bivalent <SUB V2 vbi+LOC V1> to monovalent <SUB V1>; trivalent <SUB V1 DOB vbi+LOC > to bivalent <SUB V1 DOB>; or quadravalent <SUB V1 DOB OBL vbi+LOC> to trivalent <SUB V1 DOB OBL>, where in each instance the vbi+LOC argument is omitted. | 5 | |
|
U
|
n | The applicative alternation relates monovalent <SUB V1> to bivalent <SUB V1 li+APP>; bivalent <SUB V1 DOB> to trivalent <SUB V1 DOB li+APP>; bivalent <SUB V1 DOB V2> to trivalent <SUB V1 DOB V2 li+APP>. The applicative marked argument expresses a recipient, beneficiary, aversive or locative role. | 19 | |
|
U
|
n |
The bidirectional addressee alternation relates bivalent <SUB V1 DOB> to trivalent <SUB V1 DOB li+APP V2>, V2 being hon ‘hear’, for events that convey speaker-to-addressee communication that assumes an addressee response. |
3 | |
|
U
|
n |
The unidirectional addressee alternation relates bivalent <SUB V1 DOB> to trivalent <SUB V1 DOB V2 DOB>, V2 articulated as vbiee ‘become apparent to / show’, for events that convey speaker-to-addressee communication that assumes no addressee response. |
3 | |
|
U
|
n | The change of location alternation relates monovalent <SUB V1 > to bivalent <SUB V1 o vbi+LOC>; or bivalent <SUB V1 DOB> to trivalent <SUB V1 DOB o vbi+LOC>, where monovalent SUB or bivalent DOB, respectively, come into a locative relation vis-à-vis the vbi+LOC argument. | 9 | |
|
U
|
n |
The specified distributive locative alternation relates monovalent <SUB V1 > to bivalent <SUB V1 o vbi+LOC>; or bivalent <SUB V1 DOB> to trivalent <SUB V1 DOB V2 o vbi+LOC>, where V2 is fi or ku preceding change of location particle o and its vbi+LOC complement and where monovalent SUB or bivalent DOB, respectively, releases and projects onto a specified locative referent (i.e. vbi+LOC argument) or undergoes a change of state relative to an specified locative referent. |
16 | |
|
U
|
n |
The projected adherence alternation relates monovalent <SUB V1 > to bivalent <SUB V1 V2 e DOB >; or bivalent <SUB V1 DOB> to trivalent <SUB V1 DOB V2 e DOB>, where V2 is fi or ku preceding postverbal projected adherence particle e and where monovalent SUB or bivalent DOB, respectively, project and adhere to DOB of e. |
1 | |
|
U
|
n | The causative alternation relates monovalent <SUB V1> to bivalent <SUB V2 DOB V1>; or bivalent <SUB V1 DOB> to trivalent <SUB V2 DOB V1 DOB>, where erstwhile monovalent or bivalent SUB occurs as DOB of V2. V2 is nwu ‘take hold of a singleton’, hua ‘take hold of a plurality’ or re ‘take a mass’, depending on count/mass property of bivalent V2 DOB. | 4 | |
|
U
|
n | The instrument alternation relates monovalent <SUB V1> to bivalent <SUB V2 DOB V1>; bivalent <SUB V1 DOB> to trivalent <SUB V2 DOB V1 DOB>; or trivalent <SUB V1 DOB o vbi+LOC> to quadravalent <SUB V2 DOB V1 DOB o vbi+LOC>. V2 is re ‘take / engage with’ and erstwhile monovalent, bivalent or trivalent SUB retains its position as SUB. | 30 | |
|
U
|
n | The allative alternation relates bivalent <SUB V1 DOB> to trivalent <SUB V1 DOB V2 DOB>, where V2 is ye ‘move to’ and where V1 DOB undergoes a temporary transfer of possession to V2 DOB. | 7 | |
|
U
|
n | The elative alternation relates bivalent <SUB V1 DOB> to either trivalent <SUB V1 DOB V2 vbi+LOC V3> or trivalent <SUB V1 DOB vbi+LOC V3>, where V2 is shoo and V3 is re and where a V1 DOB is depositioned from a locative relation (i.e. the vbi+LOC argument). | 3 | |
|
U
|
n |
The external possessor alternation relates bivalent <SUB V1 PUM ísì POR> to bivalent <SUB V1 POR PUM>; bivalent <SUB V1 vbi+PUM ísì POR> to trivalent <SUB V1 POR vbi+PUM>; or trivalent <SUB V1 DOB vbi+PUM ísì POR> to quadravalent <SUB V1 POR DOB vbi+PUM, thus shifting a possessor internal to a genitive phrase marked by ísì to a position immediately following clausal verb. |
14 | |
|
U
|
n |
The unspecified distributive locative alternation relates monovalent <SUB V1 > to <SUB V1 V2 a>; or bivalent <SUB V1 DOB> to <SUB V1 DOB V2 a>, where V2 is fi or ku preceding change of state particle a and where monovalent SUB or bivalent DOB, respectively, releases and projects onto an unspecified locative referent or undergoes a change of state relative to an unspecified locative referent. |
15 |