cecel

Coding frame

1-nom 2-nomdat (3-instr) V.subj[1]

Simplex Verb form

Examples

(29)

Tʁan օʒin cececʰ pʰajtov.

tʁa-n

boy-def

օʒ-i-n

snake-dat-def

cec-ecʰ

beat-aor.3sg

pʰajt-ov

stick-instr

‘The boy beat the snake with the stick.’

★

(102)

Kanajkʰ cecum ein hatikneɾə (sandov jev vaɾsandov).

kanajkʰ

woman.pl

cec-um

beat-cvb.ipfv

ein

aux.pst.3pl

hatik-neɾ-ə

seed-pl-def

sand-ov

mortar-instr

jev

and

vaɾsand-ov

pestle-instr

‘The women were grounding the seeds (with mortar and pestle).’

★

(163)

Mi angam tesa, voɾ mekə pʰajtov cecum e očʰχaɾin.

one

angam

time

tes-a

see-aor.1sg

voɾ

that

mek-ə

one-def

pʰajt-ov

stick-instr

cec-um

beat-cvb.ipfv

aux.3sg

vočʰχaɾ-i-n

sheep-dat-def

‘One day she saw someone beating a ram with a stick.’

★

Verb meanings , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	BEAT	GRIND	Coding set	Argument type
1	beater	grinder	NP-nom V.subj	A
2	beatee	ground thing	NP-nomdat	P
3	beating instrument	grinding instrument	NP-instr	I

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Coded?
C Mediopassive more info	RRegularly	y
C Causative more info	NNever	y
C Causative-Mediopassive more info	NNever	y
U Reciprocal more info	NNever	n
U Object Omission more info	NNever	n
U Internal Object more info	NNever	n
U Contentive more info	NNever	n
U Proprietive more info	NNever	n

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

cecel

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples