tʰakʰcʰnel

Coding frame

1-nom 2-nomdat 3-abl V.subj[1]

Complex Verb form

Examples

(20)

Aʁǯikə giɾkʰə tʰakʰcʰɾecʰ usucʰčʰicʰ.

aʁǯik-ə

girl-def

giɾkʰ-ə

book-def

tʰakʰcʰɾ-ecʰ

hide-aor.3sg

usucʰčʰ-icʰ

teacher-abl

‘The girl hid the book from the teacher.’

★

(121)

čʰe oɾ lav e čanačʰum moɾə, na amen inčʰ nkatum e, džvaɾ e nɾanicʰ oɾeve ban tʰakʰcʰnel.

čʰe

not

voɾ

that

lav

good

aux.3sg

čanačʰ-um

know-cvb.ipfv

moɾ-ə

mother.nom-def

3sg.nom

amen

all

inčʰ

what

nkat-um

notice-cvb.ipfv

aux.3sg

džvaɾ

difficult

aux.3sg

nɾan-icʰ

3sg.obl-abl

voɾeve

some

ban

thing

tʰakʰcʰn-el

hide.caus-inf

‘Doesn't the mother knowswell, she notices everything, it's difficult to keep something secret from her.’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	HIDE	Coding set	Argument type
1	hider	NP-nom V.subj	A
2	hidden thing	NP-nomdat	P
3	hiding affectee	NP-abl	X

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Comment	Coded?
C Mediopassive more info	NNever		y
C Causative more info	NNever	the verb is a morphological causative	y
C Causative-Mediopassive more info	NNever		y
U Reciprocal more info	NNever		n
U Object Omission more info	NNever		n
U Internal Object more info	NNever		n
U Contentive more info	NNever		n
U Proprietive more info	NNever		n

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

tʰakʰcʰnel

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples