baɾʒel

Coding frame

1-nom 2-nomdat LOC3 V.subj[1]

Simplex Verb form

Examples

(4)

Maɾdə baɾʒecʰ χotə sajlin.

maɾd-ə

man-def

baɾʒ-ecʰ

load-aor.3sg

χot-ə

grass-def

sajl-i-n

cart-dat-def

‘The man loaded the hay on the cart.’

★

(171)

Bakum ʒiapanə baɾʒum eɾ iɾeɾs, nanin pajusaki meǯ daɾsum eɾ gatʰa ev čanapaɾhi pašaɾə.

bak-um

yard-loc

ʒiapan-ə

coach-def

baɾʒ-um

load-cvb.ipfv

eɾ

aux.pst.3sg

iɾ-eɾ-s

self.gen-pl-1sg.poss

nani-n

mom-def

pajusak-i

bag-gen

meǯ

inside

daɾs-um

put-cvb.ipfv

eɾ

aux.pst.3sg

gatʰa

gata

jev

and

čanapaɾh-i

road-gen

pašaɾ-ə

stock-def

‘In the courtyard, the coach was loading my luggage, and Mom was putting gata and food for the travel into a bag.’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	LOAD	Coding set	Argument type
1	loader	NP-nom V.subj	A
2	loaded thing	NP-nomdat	P
3	loading place	LOC	L

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Comment	Coded?
C Mediopassive more info	RRegularly	be loaded (either of container or content) xxx xxx	y
U Contentive more info	–No data		n
C Causative-Mediopassive more info	MMarginally		y
C Causative more info	NNever	strangely absent	y
U Reciprocal more info	NNever		n
U Object Omission more info	NNever		n
U Internal Object more info	NNever		n
U Proprietive more info	NNever		n

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

baɾʒel

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples