waaó

Coding frame

1-nom 2-acc (3-all) V

Examples

(7)

Ováhtsa waaó nééwau nújpácyó pañévu.

ováhtsa

boy

waaó

throw

nééwau

stone(ACC)

nújpácyó

water

pañé-vu

inside-ALL

‘The boy threw the stone into the window.’

★

(102)

Tsɨ́ɨ́mene waaó íwatájcojɨ téhí pañévu.

tsɨ́ɨ́mene

child

waaó

throw

íwatájcojɨ

his_hat(ACC)

téhí

water

pañé-vu

inside-ALL

‘The child threw his hat into the water.’

★

(114)

Táñahbe oke waaó.

táñahbe

my_brother

o-ke

1SG-ACC

waaó

push

‘My brother pushed me.’

★

Verb meanings , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	PUSH	THROW	Coding set	Argument type
1	pusher	thrower	NP-nom	A
2	pushee	thrown thing	NP-acc	P
3	pushing goal	throwing goal	NP-all	L

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Coded?	Derived Coding frame	Examples
C Causative derivation more info	RRegularly	y	4-nom 1-acc 2-acc 3-all V'tso	(120) Tsɨ́ɨ́méneke ó wááotsóhi íwatájcojɨ téhí pañévu. ‘I make the child throw his hat into the water.’ ★
C Reciprocal derivation more info	RRegularly	y	1/2-nom (3-all) V'jcatsí
U Secondary object ALL or INST/LOC more info	NNever	n
C Reflexive derivation more info	RRegularly	y	1/2-nom 3-all V'meí
U Instrument alternation more info	NNever	n

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

waaó

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples