picyo

Coding frame

1-nom 2-acc (3-all) V

Examples

(3)

Wajpi picyóó ájɨ mɨ́ɨ́népañévu.

wajpi

man

picyóó

put

ájɨ

palm_leaves

mɨ́ɨ́né

canoe

pañé-vu

inside-ALL

‘The man loaded the hay on the canoe (lit. The man put palm leaves into the canoe).’

★

(6)

Wajpi picyó wajácuháámɨ méétsá hallúvu.

wajpi

man

picyó

put

wajácuháámɨ

book

méétsá

table

hallú-vu

top-ALL

‘The man put the book on the table.’

★

(97)

Ó picyóó táwaajácuháámɨ́ méétsáwá hallúvu.

1SG

picyóó

put

tá-waajácuháámɨ́

1SG-book

méétsáwá

table

hallú-vu

top-ALL

‘I put my book on the table.’

★

Verb meanings , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	LOAD	PUT	Coding set	Argument type
1	loader	putter	NP-nom	A
2	loaded thing	put thing	NP-acc	P
3	loading place	putting goal	NP-all	L

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Coded?	Derived Coding frame	Examples
C Causative derivation more info	RRegularly	y	4-nom 1-acc 2-acc 3-all V'tso	(124) Wájpike ó píkyootsóhi ájɨ mɨ́ɨ́né pañévu. ‘I make the man put the palmleafs in the canoe.’ ★
C Reciprocal derivation more info	RRegularly	y	1/2-nom (3-all) V'jcatsí
U Secondary object ALL or INST/LOC more info	NNever	n
C Reflexive derivation more info	RRegularly	y	1/2-nom 3-all V'meí
U Instrument alternation more info	NNever	n

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

picyo

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples