Alternation ‘Instrument alternation’ (Uncoded)

The instrument(-subject) alternation is possible for every verb that can take an instrument, e.g. ó wá-hdahɨ́-nú-hi (; 1.SG/INST:HIT-cut-MULT.TRANS-PRED) ‘I cut’ vs. pɨdójowa wáh-dahɨ́-nú-hi (knife/INST:HIT-cut-MULT.TRANS-PRED) ‘the knife cuts’. The instrument is promoted to subject position. It does not matter, wheather it had instrumantal, ablative or allative marking in the basic frame.

Verb Meaning Verb form Basic coding frame Derived coding frame Occurs Comment # Ex.