niƛal

Coding frame

1-erg 2-lat 3-abs abs[3].V

Simplex Verb form

Example

(59)

Öždi kibbal t'ek niƛiyo.

öždi

boy.ERG

kibba-l

girl.OBL-LAT

t'ek

book.ABS

niƛ-iyo

give-PST

‘The boy gave the book to the girl.’

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	GIVE	Coding set	Argument type
1	giver	NP-erg	A
2	giving recipient	NP-lat	X
3	gift	NP-abs & abs.V	P

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

Filter by type:

Filter by occurrence:

Alternation name	Occurs	Comment	Coded?	Derived Coding frame	Examples
U Recipient/Goal/Location Alternation 1 more info	RRegularly		n	1-erg 2-poss 3-abs abs[3].V'	(60) Öždi kibbaqa t'ek niƛiyo. ‘The boy gave the book to the girl.’ ★ (61) Öždi kibbaqal t'ek niƛiyo. ‘The boy gave the book to the girl.’ ★
C Antipassive 1 Alternation more info	RRegularly		y	1-abs 2-lat 3-instr abs[1].V'antip	(68) Öžö kibbal t'eklad niƛdas. ‘The boy gives books to the girl.’ ★
U Instrument Alternation more info	NNever		n
U Ambitransitive Alternation more info	NNever		n
C Causative with -l/-ll more info	RRegularly		y	4-erg 1-instr 2-lat 3-abs abs[3].V'caus	(200) Öždi ist'id kibbal t'ek niƛilliyo. ‘The boy made the brother give the book to the girl.’ ★
U Accidental/Potential Intransitive Alternation more info	NNever		n
U Recipient/Goal/Location Alternation 2 more info	NNever		n
C Potential Alternation more info	RRegularly		y	1-poss 2-lat 3-abs abs[3].V'pot	(221) Öždiqa kibbal t'ek niƛiyłiyo. ‘The boy could give book to the girl.’ ★
Causative with -k' more info	NNever
Causative with yowal more info	NNever
C Causative with golal more info	NNever		y
U Accidental/Potential Transitive Alternation more info	NNever		n
C Potential Transitivizing Alternation more info	NNever		y
C Antipassive 2 Alternation more info	NNever		y
U Object Incorporation Alternation more info	NNever		n