yäƛ'elal

Coding frame

1-erg 2-lat 3-abs abs[3].V

Simplex Verb form

Example

(57)

Öždi kibbal k'obala bäƛ'ello.

öždi

boy.ERG

kibba-l

girl.OBL-LAT

k'obala

stick(III).ABS

b-äƛ'el-lo

III-hit-PST

‘The boy hit the girl with the stick.’

Verb meanings , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	BEAT	HIT	Coding set	Argument type
1	beater	hitter	NP-erg	A
2	beatee	hittee	NP-lat	X
3	beating instrument	hitting instrument	NP-abs & abs.V	P

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

Filter by type:

Filter by occurrence:

Alternation name	Occurs	Comment	Coded?	Derived Coding frame	Examples
U Instrument Alternation more info	RRegularly		n	1-erg 2-abs 3-instr abs[2].V'	(58) Öždi kid k'obalalid yäƛ'ello. ‘The boy hit the girl with the stick.’ ★
C Antipassive 1 Alternation more info	RRegularly		y	1-abs 2-lat 3-instr abs[1].V'antip	(100) Öžö kibbal k'obalalid äƛ'eldas. ‘The boy is busy hitting the girl with the stick.’ ★
U Recipient/Goal/Location Alternation 1 more info	NNever		n
U Ambitransitive Alternation more info	NNever		n
C Causative with -l/-ll more info	RRegularly		y	4-erg 1-instr 2-lat 3-abs abs[3].V'caus	(199) Öždi kibbad gedil k'obala bäƛ'elliyo. ‘The boy made the girl hit the cat with the stick.’ ★
U Accidental/Potential Intransitive Alternation more info	NNever		n
U Recipient/Goal/Location Alternation 2 more info	NNever		n
C Potential Alternation more info	RRegularly		y	1-poss 2-lat 3-abs abs[3].V'pot	(229) Öždiqa kibbal k'obala bäƛ'eyłiyo. ‘The boy could hit the girl with the stick.’ ★
Causative with -k' more info	NNever
Causative with yowal more info	NNever
C Causative with golal more info	NNever		y
U Accidental/Potential Transitive Alternation more info	NNever		n
C Potential Transitivizing Alternation more info	NNever		y
C Antipassive 2 Alternation more info	NNever		y
U Object Incorporation Alternation more info	NNever		n