Potential Alternation C

Description

The Potential Alternation is a coded alternation (with the suffix -yɬ, -iyɬ after a consonant). The argument of the potential construction to which ability is assigned (i.e. the X of ‘X can Verb’) stands in the possessive case, corresponding to the ergative in the basic form.

Alternation occurs:

Only

for Derived CF

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Participants in Basic CF:

Verb meaning	Verb form	Occurs	arg_count	Basic Coding frame	Derived Coding frame	arg_count_derived	example
LOAD	yoⁿsal	RRegularly	3	1-erg LOC2 3-abs abs[3].V (22) Öždi hudo mašinalƛ'a mosoyo. öždi boy.ERG hudo firewood(III).ABS mašina-l-ƛ'a car-OBL-SUP m-oso-yo III-collapse-PST ‘The boy loaded the firewood onto the car.’ ★	1-poss LOC2 3-abs abs[3].V'pot (207) Öždiqa hudo mašinalƛ'a mosoyłiyo. öždi-qa boy.OBL-POSS hudo firewood(III).ABS mašina-l-ƛ'a car-OBL-SUP m-oso-ył-iyo III-load-POT-PST ‘The boy could load the car with the firewood.’ ★	3	true
EAT	yüⁿqal	RRegularly	2	1-erg 2-abs abs[2].V (1) Öždi bäbä müqiyo. öždi boy.ERG bäbä bread(III).ABS m-üq-iyo III-eat-PST ‘The boy ate bread.’ ★	1-poss 2-abs abs[2].V'pot (201) Öždiqa bäbä müqiyłiyo. öždi-qa boy.OBL-POSS bäbä bread(III).ABS m-üq-iył-iyo III-eat-POT-PST ‘The boy could eat the bread.’ ★	2	true
WASH	nizal	RRegularly	2	1-erg 2-abs abs[2].V (7) Kibba łic'o nizaayo. kibba girl.ERG łic'o clothes.ABS nizaa-yo wash-PST ‘The girl washes the clothes.’ ★	1-poss 2-abs abs[2].V'pot (203) Kibbaqa łic'o nizayłiyo. kibba-qa girl.OBL-POSS łic'o clothes.ABS niza-ył-iyo wash-POT-PST ‘The girl could wash the clothes.’ ★	2	true
SING	no verbal counterpart	RRegularly	0	N/A	1-poss 2-abs abs[2].V'pot (205) Kibbaqa iyol keč' iƛeyłiyo. kibba-qa girl.OBL-POSS iyo-l mother-LAT keč' song.ABS iƛe-ył-iyo sing-POT-PST ‘The girl could sing a song to her mother.’ ★	2	true
TIE	yiⁿcal	RRegularly	4	1-erg 2-abs 3-instr LOC4 abs[2].V (19) Öždi waya sabaliyad micoyo xöxił. öždi boy.ERG waya cow(III).ABS sabali-ya-d rope-OBL-INSTR m-ico-yo III-tie-PST xöx-i-ł tree-OBL-INTER ‘The boy tied the cow to the tree with the rope.’ ★	1-poss 2-abs 3-instr LOC4 abs[2].V'pot (209) Öždiqa waya sabaliyad xöxił micoyłiyo. öždi-qa boy.OBL-POSS waya cow(III).ABS sabali-ya-d rope-OBL-INSTR xöx-i-ł tree-OBL-INTER m-ico-ył-iyo III-tie-POT-PST ‘The boy could tie the cow to the tree.’ ★	4	true
POUR	git'al	RRegularly	3	1-erg LOC2 3-abs abs[3].V (20) Kibba wedralaʔ łi git'iyo. kibba girl.ERG wedra-la-ʔ bucket-OBL-INESS łi water(IV).ABS git'-iyo pour(II/IV)-PST ‘The girl poured water into the bucket.’ ★	1-poss LOC2 3-abs abs[3].V'pot (211) Kibbaqa wedralaʔ łi git'iyłiyo. kibba-qa girl.OBL-POSS wedra-la-ʔ bucket-OBL-INESS łi water(IV).ABS git'-iył-iyo pour(II/IV)-POT-PST ‘The girl could pour water into the bucket.’ ★	3	true
THROW	yiƛ'al (2)	RRegularly	3	1-erg 2-lat 3-abs abs[3].V (86) Öždi kibbal burti biƛ'eyo. öždi boy.ERG kibba-l girl.OBL-LAT burti ball(III).ABS b-iƛ'e-yo III-throw-PST ‘The boy threw the ball to the girl (so as to hit her).’ ★ (89) Öždi istoliyaƛ'a q'alam biƛ'eyo. öždi boy.ERG istoli-ya-ƛ'a table-OBL-SUP q'alam pencil(III).ABS b-iƛ'e-yo III-throw-PST ‘The boy threw the pencil on the table.’ ★	1-poss 2-lat 3-abs abs[3].V'pot (213) Öždiqa kibbal burti biƛ'eyłiyo. öždi-qa boy.OBL-POSS kibba-l girl.OBL-LAT burti ball(III).ABS b-iƛ'e-ył-iyo III-throw-POT-PST ‘The boy could throw the ball to the girl.’ ★	3	true
BRING	yaq'al	RRegularly	3	1-erg 2-lat 3-abs abs[3].V (83) Kibba iyol žamɣo baq'oyo. kibba girl.ERG iyo-l mother-LAT žamɣo sorrel(III).ABS b-aq'o-yo III-bring-PST ‘The girl brought sorrel to the mother.’ ★	1-poss 2-lat 3-abs abs[3].V'pot (215) Kibbaqa iyol žamɣo baq'oyłiyo. kibba-qa girl.OBL-POSS iyo-l mother-LAT žamɣo sorrel(III).ABS b-aq'o-ył-iyo III-bring-POT-PST ‘The girl could bring sorrel to the mother.’ ★	3	true
CARRY	yezal	RRegularly	3	1-erg 2-lat 3-abs abs[3].V (75) Öždi q'ac'icco iyol yežeš. öždi boy.ERG q'ac'icco rucksack(IV).ABS iyo-l mother-LAT y-eže-š IV-carry-PRS ‘The boy carried the rucksack for the mother.’ ★	1-poss 2-lat 3-abs abs[3].V'pot (217) Öždiqa q'ac'icco iyol yežeyłiyo. öždi-qa boy.OBL-POSS q'ac'icco rucksack(IV).ABS iyo-l mother-LAT y-eže-ył-iyo IV-carry-POT-PST ‘The boy could carry the rucksack to his mother.’ ★	3	true
SEND	yeⁿyal	RRegularly	3	1-erg 2-lat 3-abs abs[3].V (71) Öždi kibbal diʔi yeⁿeyo. öždi boy.ERG kibba-l girl.OBL-LAT diʔi flower(IV).ABS y-eⁿe-yo IV-send-PST ‘The boy sent the girl the flower (for permanent possession).’ ★	1-poss 2-lat 3-abs abs[3].V'pot (219) Öždiqa kibbal diʔi yeⁿyłiyo. öždi-qa boy.OBL-POSS kibba-l girl.OBL-LAT diʔi flower(IV).ABS y-eⁿe-ył-iyo IV-send-POT-PST ‘The boy could send flowers to the girl.’ ★	3	true
GIVE	niƛal	RRegularly	3	1-erg 2-lat 3-abs abs[3].V (59) Öždi kibbal t'ek niƛiyo. öždi boy.ERG kibba-l girl.OBL-LAT t'ek book.ABS niƛ-iyo give-PST ‘The boy gave the book to the girl.’ ★	1-poss 2-lat 3-abs abs[3].V'pot (221) Öždiqa kibbal t'ek niƛiyłiyo. öždi-qa boy.OBL-POSS kibba-l girl.OBL-LAT t'ek book.ABS niƛ-iył-iyo give-POT-PST ‘The boy could give book to the girl.’ ★	3	true
STEAL	yuⁿcal (2)	RRegularly	3	1-erg 2-possabl 3-abs abs[3].V (85) Öždi kibbaqas t'ek yuⁿcoyo. öždi boy.ERG kibba-qa-s girl.OBL-POSS-ABL t'ek book(IV).ABS y-uⁿco-yo IV-steal-PST ‘The boy stole the book from the girl.’ ★	1-poss 2-possabl 3-abs abs[3]V'pot (223) Öždiqa kibbaqas t'ek yuⁿcoyłiyo. öždi-qa boy.OBL-POSS kibba-qa-s girl.OBL-POSS-ABL t'ek book(IV).ABS y-uⁿco-ył-iyo IV-steal-POT-PST ‘The boy could steal the book from the girl.’ ★	3	true
HIDE	yuⁿcal (1)	RRegularly	3	1-erg 2-abl 3-abs abs[3].V (25) Öždi isilco t'ek yuⁿcoyo. öždi boy.ERG isi-l-co sister-OBL-ABL t'ek book(IV).ABS y-uⁿco-yo IV-hide-PST ‘The boy hid the book from his sister.’ ★	1-poss 2-abl 3-abs abs[3].V'pot (225) Öždiqa isilco t'ek yuⁿcoyłiyo. öždi-qa boy.OBL-POSS isi-l-co sister-OBL-ABL t'ek book(IV).ABS y-uⁿco-ył-iyo IV-hide-POT-PST ‘The boy could hide the book from his sister.’ ★	3	true
CUT	yüč'al	RRegularly	3	1-erg 2-abs 3-instr abs[2].V (23) Öždi c'it'ad bäbä büč'iyo. öždi boy.ERG c'it'-a-d knife-OBL-INSTR bäbä bread(III).ABS b-üč'-iyo III-cut-PST ‘The boy cut the bread with the knife.’ ★	1-poss 2-abs 3-instr abs[2].V'pot (227) Öždiqa c'it'ad bäbä büč'iyłiyo. öždi-qa boy.OBL-POSS c'it'-a-d knife-OBL-INSTR bäbä bread(III).ABS b-üč'-iył-iyo III-cut-POT-PST ‘The boy could cut the bread with the knife.’ ★	3	true
BEAT	yäƛ'elal	RRegularly	3	1-erg 2-lat 3-abs abs[3].V (57) Öždi kibbal k'obala bäƛ'ello. öždi boy.ERG kibba-l girl.OBL-LAT k'obala stick(III).ABS b-äƛ'el-lo III-hit-PST ‘The boy hit the girl with the stick.’ ★	1-poss 2-lat 3-abs abs[3].V'pot (229) Öždiqa kibbal k'obala bäƛ'eyłiyo. öždi-qa boy.OBL-POSS kibba-l girl.OBL-LAT k'obala stick(III).ABS b-äƛ'e-ył-iyo III-hit-POT-PST ‘The boy could hit the girl with the stick.’ ★	3	true
KILL	yiƛ'al (1)	RRegularly	3	1-erg 2-abs 3-instr abs[2].V (17) Öždi bekela k'obalalid biƛ'eyo. öždi boy.ERG bekela snake(III).ABS k'obala-li-d stick-OBL-INSTR b-iƛ'e-yo III-kill-PST ‘The boy killed the snake with the stick.’ ★	1-poss 2-abs 3-instr abs[2].V'pot (230) Öždiqa bekela k'obalalid biƛ'eyłiyo. öždi-qa boy.OBL-POSS bekela snake(III).ABS k'obala-li-d stick-OBL-INSTR b-iƛ'e-ył-iyo III-kill-POT-PST ‘The boy could kill the snake with the stick.’ ★	3	true
SAY	nisal	RRegularly	3	1-erg 2-poss UTT3 V (13) Kibba aboqa dilna niƛaƛo nisoyo. kibba girl.ERG abo-qa father-POSS dil-na 1SG.LAT-and niƛ-a-ƛo give-IMP-QUOT niso-yo say-PST ‘The girl said to the father: "Give me as well!".’ ★	1-poss 2-poss UTT3-quot V'pot (231) Kibbaqa aboqa dilna niƛaƛo nisoyłiyo. kibba-qa girl.OBL-POSS abo-qa father-POSS dil-na 1SG.LAT-and niƛ-a-ƛo give-IMP-QUOT niso-ył-iyo say-POT-PST ‘The girl could say to the father: "Give me as well!".’ ★	3	true
TELL	xabar meyal	RRegularly	2	1-erg 2-lat V (14) Uštelli q'owal xabar meeyo. uštel-li teacher-ERG q'owa-l children-LAT xabar story(III).ABS m-ee-yo III-let.out-PST ‘The teacher told a story to the children.’ ★ (107) Kibba hinila gedis öždil xabar mehca. kibba girl.ERG hini-la REFL-GEN2 gedi-s cat.OBL-GEN1 öždi-l boy.OBL-LAT xabar story(III).ABS m-eh-ca III-let.out-PRS ‘The girl talks to the boy about her cat.’ ★	1-poss 2-lat V'pot (232) Uštelliqa q'owal xabar meeyłiyo. uštelli-qa teacher.OBL-POSS q'owa-l children-LAT xabar story(III).ABS m-ee-ył-iyo III-let.out-POT-PST ‘The teacher could tell a story to the children.’ ★	2	true
HELP	komak bowal	RRegularly	2	1-erg 2-lat V (12) Kibba iyol komak booyo. kibba girl.ERG iyo-l mother-LAT komak help(III).ABS b-oo-yo III-do-PST ‘The girl helped her mother.’ ★	1-poss 2-lat V'pot (233) Kibbaqa iyol komak booyłiyo. kibba-qa girl.OBL-POSS iyo-l mother-LAT komak help(III).ABS b-oo-ył-iyo III-do-POT-PST ‘The girl could help her mother.’ ★	2	true
LIVE	ömrö bowal	RRegularly	2	1-erg 2-iness V (78) Öždi äƛaʔ ömrö boos. öždi boy.ERG äƛ-a-ʔ village-OBL-INESS ömrö life(III).ABS b-oo-s III-do-PRS ‘The boy lives in the village.’ ★	1-poss 2-iness V'pot (234) Öždiqa äƛaʔ ömrö booyłiyo. öždi-qa boy.OBL-POSS äƛ-a-ʔ village-OBL-INESS ömrö life(III).ABS b-oo-ył-iyo III-do-POT-PST ‘The boy could live in the village.’ ★	2	true
BLINK	häydä pacpaƛal	NNever	0	V (39) Öždis häydä pacpaƛos. öždi-s boy.OBL-GEN1 häy-dä eye-PL pacpaƛo-s blink-PRS ‘The boys eyes are blinking.’ ★
TAKE	yokčal	RRegularly	3	1-erg 2-possabl 3-abs abs[3].V (30) Kibba iyoqas t'ek yokčiyo. kibba girl.ERG iyo-qa-s mother-POSS-ABL t'ek book(IV).ABS y-okči-yo IV-take-PST ‘The girl took the book from the mother.’ ★	1-poss 2-possabl 3-abs abs[3]V'pot (236) Kibbaqa iyoqas t'ek yokčiyłiyo. kibba-qa girl.OBL-POSS iyo-qa-s mother-POSS-ABL t'ek book(IV).ABS y-okči-ył-iyo IV-take-POT-PST ‘The girl could take the book from the mother.’ ★	3	true
RUN	č'änaɣal	RRegularly	1	1-erg V (119) Öždi yiƛa č'anaɣoš. öždi boy.ERG yiƛa fast č'anaɣo-š run-PRS ‘The boy runs fast.’ ★	1-poss V'pot (237) Öždiqa yiƛa č'anaɣoyłiyo. öždi-qa boy.OBL-POSS yiƛa fast č'anaɣo-ył-iyo run-POT-PST ‘The boy could run fast.’ ★	1	true
TEACH	małciyowal	RRegularly	3	1-erg 2-lat 3-abs abs[3].V (118) Öždi kibbal ʔarab mic małciboos. öždi boy.ERG kibba-l girl.OBL-LAT ʔarab Arabic mic language(III).ABS małci<b>oo-s teach<III>-PRS ‘The boy teaches the Arabic language to the girl.’ ★	1-poss 2-lat 3-abs abs[3].V'pot (238) Öždiqa kibbal ʔarab mic małcibooyłiyo. öždi-qa boy.OBL-POSS kibba-l girl.OBL-LAT ʔarab Arabic mic language(III).ABS małci<b>oo-ył-iyo teach<III>-POT-PST ‘The boy could teach Arabic to the girl.’ ★	3	true
NAME	caaⁿ gulal	RRegularly	2	1-erg 2-sup V (31) Mähmädi öždiƛ'a Murad caaⁿ gullo. Mähmäd-i Magomed-ERG öždi-ƛ'a boy.OBL-SUP Murad Murad caaⁿ name(IV).ABS gul-lo put(IV)-PST ‘Magomed called his son Murad.’ ★	1-poss 2-sup V'pot (239) Mähmädqa öždiƛ'a Murad caaⁿ guliyłiyo. Mähmäd-qa Magomed-POSS öždi-ƛ'a boy.OBL-SUP Murad Murad caaⁿ name(IV).ABS gul-iył-iyo put(IV)-POT-PST ‘Magomed could name his son Murad.’ ★	2	true
GRIND	haʔal	RRegularly	2	1-erg 2-abs abs[2].V (106) Öždi qibo haʔos haboƛ'a. öždi boy.ERG qibo wheat.ABS haʔo-s grind-PRS habo-ƛ'a mill-SUP ‘The boy grinds the wheat on the mill.’ ★	1-poss 2-abs abs[2].V'pot (240) Öždiqa qibo haboƛ'a haʔoyłiyo. öždi-qa boy.OBL-POSS qibo wheat.ABS habo-ƛ'a mill-SUP haʔo-ył-iyo grind-POT-PST ‘The boy could grind the wheat on the mill.’ ★	2	true
DIG	yäxäl	RRegularly	2	1-erg 2-abs abs[2].V (80) Öždi mäče bäxčä. öždi boy.ERG mäče ground(III).ABS b-äx-čä III-dig-PRS ‘The boy digs the ground.’ ★	1-poss 2-abs abs[2].V'pot (241) Öždiqa mäče bäxiyłiyo. öždi-qa boy.OBL-POSS mäče ground(III).ABS b-äx-iył-iyo III-dig-POT-PST ‘The boy could grind the ground.’ ★	2	true
SEARCH FOR	xalbowal	RRegularly	2	1-erg 2-abs abs[2].V (27) Kibba t'ek xalbooyo. kibba girl.ERG t'ek book.ABS xalboo-yo search-PST ‘The girl looked for the book.’ ★	1-poss 2-abs abs[2].V'pot (242) Kibbaqa t'ek xalboyłiyo. kibba-qa girl.OBL-POSS t'ek book.ABS xalbo-ył-iyo search-POT-PST ‘The girl could search for a book.’ ★	2	true
ASK FOR	harziyowal	RRegularly	3	1-erg 2-poss 3-abs abs[3].V (55) Ist'i isiqa okko harziyooyo. ist'i brother.ERG isi-qa sister-POSS okko money(IV).ABS harzi<y>oo-yo ask<IV>-PST ‘The brother asked his sister for the money.’ ★	1-poss 2-poss 3-abs abs[3].V'pot (243) Ist'iqa isiqa okko harziyooyłiyo. ist'i-qa brother.OBL-POSS isi-qa sister-POSS okko money(IV).ABS harzi<y>oo-ył-iyo ask<IV>-POT-PST ‘The boy could ask money from his sister.’ ★	3	true
HUG	aⁿło yoc'al	RRegularly	2	1-erg 2-lat V (48) Öždi kibbal aⁿło yoc'iyo. öždi boy.ERG kibba-l girl.OBL-LAT aⁿło embrace(IV).ABS y-oc'-iyo IV-fill-PST ‘The boy hugged the girl.’ ★	1-poss 2-lat V'pot (244) Öždiqa kibbal aⁿło yoc'iyłiyo. öždi-qa boy.OBL-POSS kibba-l girl.OBL-LAT aⁿło embrace(IV).ABS y-oc'-iył-iyo IV-fill-POT-PST ‘The boy could hug the girl.’ ★	2	true
COUGH	öhƛäl	RRegularly	1	1-erg V (38) Kibba öhƛöyo. kibba girl.ERG öhƛö-yo cough-PST ‘The girl coughed.’ ★	1-poss V'pot (245) Kibbaqa öhƛöyłiyo. kibba-qa girl.OBL-POSS öhƛö-ył-iyo cough-POT-PST ‘The girl could cough.’ ★	1	true
SCREAM	lalaƛal	RRegularly	2	1-erg 2-sup V (29) Öždi kibbaƛ'a lalaƛoyo. öždi boy.ERG kibba-ƛ'a girl.OBL-SUP lalaƛo-yo shout-PST ‘The boy shouted at the girl.’ ★	1-poss 2-sup V'pot (246) Öždiqa kibbaƛ'a lalaƛoyłiyo. öždi-qa boy.OBL-POSS kibba-ƛ'a girl.OBL-SUP lalaƛo-ył-iyo shout-POT-PST ‘The boy could shout at the girl.’ ★	2	true
SHAVE (a body part/person)	kusuʔal	RRegularly	2	1-erg 2-abs abs[2].V (50) Öždi bab kusuʔiyo. öždi boy.ERG bab beard.ABS kusuʔ-iyo shave-PST ‘The boy shaved his beard.’ ★	1-poss 2-abs abs[2].V'pot (247) Öždiqa bab kusuʔiyłiyo. öždi-qa boy.OBL-POSS bab beard.ABS kusuʔ-iył-iyo shave-POT-PST ‘The boy could shave his beard.’ ★	2	true
CRY	yiyaal	RRegularly	1	1-abs abs[1].V (9) Kid yiyas. kid girl(II).ABS y-iya-s II-cry-PRS ‘The girl cries.’ ★	1-poss abs[1].V'pot (248) Kid yuq'o yiyayłiyo. kid girl(II).ABS yuq'o loud y-iya-ył-iyo II-cry-POT-PST ‘The girl could cry loud.’ ★ (249) Kibbaqa yuq'o yiyayłiyo. kibba-qa girl.OBL-POSS yuq'o loud y-iya-ył-iyo II-cry-POT-PST ‘The girl could cry loud.’ ★	1	true
BE DRY	qoqal	NNever	1	1-abs abs[1].V (79) Mizo qoqona gey. mizo ground.ABS qoqo-na dry-CVB gey be.PRS ‘The ground is dry.’ ★
MAKE	yowal	RRegularly	2	1-erg 2-abs abs[2].V (52) Kibba simindiyala hät't'äš bäbä boos. kibba girl.ERG simindi-ya-la maize-OBL-GEN2 hät't'ä-š flour.OBL-GEN1 bäbä bread(III).ABS b-oo-s III-do-PRS ‘The girl makes the bread out of maize flour.’ ★	1-poss 2-abs abs[2].V'pot (252) Kibbaqa simindiyala hät't'äš bäbä boyłiyo. kibba-qa girl.OBL-POSS simindi-ya-la maize-OBL-GEN2 hät't'ä-š flour.OBL-GEN1 bäbä bread(III).ABS b-o-ył-iyo III-do-POT-PST ‘The girl could make the bread out of maize flour.’ ★	2	true
BURN	yek'al	NNever	1	1-abs abs[1].V (36) Hudo bek'eš. hudo firewood(III).ABS b-ek'e-š III-burn-PRS ‘The firewood is burning.’ ★
FALL	yekal	NNever	2	1-abs 2-supabl abs[1].V (15) Öžö xöxƛ'äš ekiyo. öžö boy(I).ABS xöx-ƛ'ä-š tree.OBL-SUP-ABL Ø-ek-iyo I-fall-PST ‘The boy fell from the tree.’ ★
SINK	ɣanq'iziyaqal	NNever	1	1-abs abs[1].V (42) Gama ɣanq'izibaqiyo. gama boat(III).ABS ɣanq'izi<b>aq-iyo sink<III>-PST ‘The boat sank.’ ★
BOIL	ɣayƛal	NNever	1	1-abs abs[1].V (53) łi ɣayƛos. łi water.ABS ɣayƛo-s boil-PRS ‘The water boils.’ ★
ROLL	k'äyƛäl	NNever	1	1-abs abs[1].V (44) Örrä k'äyƛöš. örrä wheel.ABS k'äyƛö-š turn.round-PRS ‘The wheel is rolling.’ ★
COOK	helal	RRegularly	2	1-erg 2-abs abs[2].V (41) Kibba xo heleyo. kibba girl.ERG xo meat.ABS hele-yo boil-PST ‘The girl cooked (boiled) the meat.’ ★	1-poss 2-abs abs[2].V'pot (258) Kibbaqa xo heleyłiyo. kibba-qa girl.OBL-POSS xo meat.ABS hele-ył-iyo cook-POT-PST ‘The girl could cook the meat.’ ★	2	true
LOOK AT	goc'oqal	RRegularly	2	1-abs 2-poss abs[1].V (28) Öžö kibbaqa goc'oqiyo. öžö boy.ABS kibba-qa girl.OBL-POSS goc'oq-iyo look(I)-PST ‘The boy looked at the girl.’ ★	1-poss 2-poss abs[1].V'pot (259) Öždiqa kibbaqa goc'oqiyłiyo. öždi-qa boy.OBL-POSS kibba-qa girl.OBL-POSS goc'oq-iył-iyo look-POT-PST ‘The boy could look at the girl.’ ★	2	true
FOLLOW	müɣäƛ yeⁿƛ'al	RRegularly	2	1-abs 2-com abs[1].V (24) Öžö kibbaɣoy müɣäƛ eⁿƛ'eš. öžö boy(I).ABS kibba-ɣoy girl.OBL-COMIT müɣäƛ after Ø-eⁿƛ'e-š I-go-PRS ‘The boy follows the girl.’ ★	1-poss 2-com abs[1].V'pot (260) Öžö kibbaɣoy müɣäƛ eⁿƛ'eyłiyo. öžö boy(I).ABS kibba-ɣoy girl.OBL-COMIT müɣäƛ after Ø-eⁿƛ'e-ył-iyo I-go-POT-PST ‘The boy could follow the girl.’ ★	2	true
CLIMB	no verbal counterpart	NNever	0	N/A
GO	yeⁿƛ'al (1)	RRegularly	2	1-abs LOC2 abs[1].V (108) Kid yeⁿƛ'eš biƛoɣa. kid girl(II).ABS y-eⁿƛ'e-š II-go-PRS biƛo-ɣa house-APUD ‘The girl goes home.’ ★	1-poss LOC2 abs[1].V'pot (262) Abo qunnaʔ eⁿƛ'eyłiyo. abo father(I).ABS qunnaʔ farm.LOC Ø-eⁿƛ'e-ył-iyo I-go-POT-PST ‘The father could go to the farm.’ ★	2	true
PLAY	k'isal	RRegularly	1	1-abs abs[1].V (73) Kid nänilaɬ k'isas. kid girl.ABS nänilaɬ doll.INTER k'isa-s play-PRS ‘The girl plays with the doll.’ ★	1-poss abs[1].V'pot (264) Kid öždiɣoy k'isayłiyo. kid girl(II).ABS öždi-ɣoy boy.OBL-COMIT k'isa-ył-iyo play-POT-PST ‘The girl could play with the boy.’ ★	1	true
THINK	urɣeziyaqal	RRegularly	2	1-abs 2-supabl abs[1].V (26) Öžö kibbaƛ'as urɣeziaqiyo. öžö boy(I).ABS kibba-ƛ'a-s girl.OBL-SUP-ABL urɣezi<Ø>aq-iyo think<I>-PST ‘The boy thinks about the girl.’ ★	1-poss 2-supabl abs[1].V'pot (265) Abo maʔišatlis urɣeziaqiyłiyo. abo father(I).ABS maʔišatlis family.OBL.GEN urɣezi<Ø>aq-iył-iyo think<I>-POT-PST ‘The father could think about his family.’ ★	2	true
TALK	yiq'lašal	RRegularly	2	1-abs 2-poss abs[1].V (266) Kid aboqa yiq'lašeš. kid girl(II).ABS abo-qa father-POSS y-iq'laše-š II-talk-PRS ‘The girl talks to her father.’ ★	1-poss 2-poss abs[1].V'pot (267) Kid aboqa yiq'lašeyłiyo. kid girl(II).ABS abo-qa father-POSS y-iq'laše-ył-iyo II-talk-POT-PST ‘The girl could talk to her father.’ ★ (268) Kibbaqa aboqa yiq'lašeyłiyo. kibba-qa girl.OBL-POSS abo-qa father-POSS y-iq'laše-ył-iyo II-talk-POT-PST ‘The girl could talk to her father.’ ★	2	true
JUMP	yogic'al	RRegularly	1	1-abs abs[1].V (65) Öžö ogic'iyo. öžö boy(I).ABS Ø-ogic'-iyo I-jump-PST ‘The boy jumped.’ ★	1-poss abs[1].V'pot (269) Öžö mašinalƛ'a ogic'iyłiyo. öžö boy(I).ABS mašina-l-ƛ'a car-OBL-SUP Ø-ogic'-iył-iyo I-jump-POT-PST ‘The boy could jump on the car.’ ★ (270) Öždiqa kid mašinalƛ'a yogic'iyłiyo. öždi-qa boy.OBL-POSS kid girl(II).ABS mašina-l-ƛ'a car-OBL-SUP y-ogic'-iył-iyo II-jump-POT-PST ‘The boy could make the girl jump on the car.’ ★	1	true
RUN	č'an yaɣal	RRegularly	1	1-erg V (45) Öždi yiƛa č'an yaɣos. öždi boy.ERG yiƛa fast č'an run(IV).ABS y-aɣo-s IV-take-PRS ‘The boy is running fast.’ ★	1-poss V'pot (279) Öždiqa yiƛa č'an yaɣoyłiyo. öždi-qa boy.OBL-POSS yiƛa fast č'an run(IV).ABS y-aɣo-ył-iyo IV-take-POT-PST ‘The boy could run fast.’ ★	1	true
SEE	yegaal	MMarginally	2	1-lat 2-abs abs[2].V (2) Kibbal iyo yegaayo. kibba-l girl.OBL-LAT iyo mother(II).ABS y-egaa-yo II-see-PST ‘The girl saw her mother.’ ★
KNOW	yiq'al	NNever	2	1-lat 2-abs abs[2].V (3) Abol teli xabarla yiyaq'eš. abo-l father-LAT teli many xabar-la story-PL y-iyaq'e-š NHPL-know.PL-PRS ‘The father knows many stories.’ ★
LIKE	yat'al	NNever	2	1-lat 2-abs abs[2].V (4) Öždil kid yat'ca. öždi-l boy.OBL-LAT kid girl(II).ABS y-at'-ca II-like-PRS ‘The boy likes the girl.’ ★
FEAR	hic'al	RRegularly	2	1-abs 2-poss abs[1].V (5) Kid c'oyqa hič'eš. kid girl.ABS c'o-y-qa fire-OBL-POSS hič'e-š fear-PRS ‘The girl fears the fire.’ ★	1-poss 2-poss abs[1].V'pot (273) Aboqa kid hič'eyłiyo. abo-qa father-POSS kid girl.ABS hič'e-ył-iyo be.afraid-POT-PST ‘The father could scare the girl.’ ★	2	true
FRIGHTEN	hič'egolal	NNever	2	1-erg 2-abs abs[2].V (6) Kibba öžö hič'egolca. kibba girl.ERG öžö boy(I).ABS hič'e-gol-ca fear-MAKE(I)-PRS ‘The girl frightens the boy.’ ★
CLEAN	yaⁿcolal	NNever	3	1-erg LOC2 3-abs abs[3].V (97) Öždi istoliyaƛ'as čaq'i yaⁿcolca. öždi boy.ERG istoli-ya-ƛ'a-s table-OBL-SUP-ABL čaq'i ink(IV).ABS y-aⁿco-l-ca IV-clean-CAUS-PRS ‘The boy wipes the ink off the table.’ ★
BE ILL	k'ok'al	NNever	1	1-abs abs[1].V (10) Kid k'ok'ona gey. kid girl.ABS k'ok'o-na be.ill-CVB gey be.PRS ‘The girl is ill.’ ★ (35) Iyos q'äm k'ok'os. iyo-s mother-GEN1 q'äm head.ABS k'ok'o-s hurt-PRS ‘The mother's head is aching.’ ★
PEEL	no verbal counterpart	NNever	0	N/A
DIE	yuɣal	RRegularly	1	1-abs abs[1].V (16) Iyo yuɣoyo. iyo mother(II).ABS y-uɣo-yo II-die-PST ‘The mother died.’ ★	1-poss abs[1].V'pot (277) Öždiqa wo buɣoyɬiyo. öždi-qa boy-POSS wo dog(III).ABS b-uɣo-yɬ-iyo III-die-POT-PST ‘The boy could kill the dog.’ ★	1	true
SIT	q'ey yecal	RRegularly	1	1-abs abs[1].V (18) Kid q'ey yečena gey. kid girl(II).ABS q'ey on.the.ground y-eče-na II-be-CVB gey be.PRS ‘The girl is sitting.’ ★	1-poss abs[1].V'pot (263) Kid q'ey yečeyłiyo. kid girl(II).ABS q'ey on.the.ground y-eče-ył-iyo II-sit-POT-PST ‘The girl could sit down.’ ★	1	true
PUT	gulal	RRegularly	3	1-erg LOC2 3-abs abs[3].V (21) Öždi istoliyaƛ'a t'ek guliyo. öždi boy.ERG istoli-ya-ƛ'a table-OBL-SUP t'ek book(IV).ABS gul-iyo put(IV)-PST ‘The boy put the book on the table.’ ★	1-poss LOC2 3-abs abs[3].V'pot (272) Kibbaqa vedra istoliyaʎ’a guliyłiyo. kibba-qa girl.OBL-POSS vedra basket.ABS istoliyaʎ’a table.SUP gul-iył-iyo put-POT-PST ‘The girl could put the basket on the table.’ ★	3	true
DRESS	łič'elal	RRegularly	3	1-erg 2-abs 3-sup abs[2].V (191) Kibba iyod kunta isiƛ'a łič'elliyo. kibba girl.ERG iyod mother.INSTR kunta dress.ABS isi-ƛ'a sister-SUP łič'e-ll-iyo put.on-CAUS-PST ‘The girl dressed the sister with the mother's help.’ ★	1-poss 2-abs 3-sup abs[2].V'pot (284) Kibbaqa iyo kunta isiƛ'a łič'eyłiyo. Kibba-qa girl.OBL-POSS iyod mother.INSTR kunta dress.ABS isi-ƛ'a sister-SUP łič'e-ył-iyo put.on-POT-PST ‘The girl could put on the dress on the sister with mother's help.’ ★	3	true
TEAR	yäxelal	RRegularly	3	1-erg 2-abl 3-abs abs[3].V (32) Kibba kuntalałco ɣeč'i yäxelca. kibba girl.ERG kunta-la-ł-co dress-OBL-INTER-ABL ɣeč'i tissue(IV).ABS y-äxe-l-ca IV-tear-CAUS-PRS ‘The girl tears the tissue from the dress.’ ★	1-poss 2-abl 3-abs abs[3].V'pot (283) Kibbaqa kuntalałco ɣeč'i yäxeyɬiyo. Kibba-qa girl.OBL-POSS kunta-l-ał-co dress-OBL-INTER-ABL ɣeč'i tissue(IV).ABS y-äxe-yɬ-iyo IV-tear-POT-PST ‘The girl could tear the tissue from the dress.’ ★	3	true
BE SAD	urɣelliƛ'a yaqal	RRegularly	1	1-abs abs[1].V (33) Öžö urɣelliƛ'a gey. öžö boy.ABS urɣel-li-ƛ'a thought-OBL-SUP gey be.PRS ‘The boy is sad.’ ★	1-poss abs[1].V'pot	1	true
FEEL COLD	yäč’ɬal	NNever	1	1-abs abs[1].V (34) Öžö äč’ɬiyo. öžö boy(I).ABS Ø-äč’-ɬ-iyo I-cold-INCH-PST ‘The boy got cold.’ ★
BE HUNGRY	nukal	NNever	1	1-abs abs[1].V (37) Kid nukoyo. kid girl.ABS nuko-yo be.hungry-PST ‘The girl was hungry.’ ★
FILL	yoc'lal	NNever	2	1-erg 2-abs abs[2].V (40) Kibba łiis wedra boc'ilca. kibba girl.ERG łii-s water-GEN1 wedra bucket(III).ABS b-oc'-il-ca III-fill-CAUS-PRS ‘The girl fills the bucket with the water.’ ★
LEAVE	yeⁿƛ'al (2)	NNever	2	1-abs 2-abl abs[1].V (43) Öžö äƛaʔaš eⁿƛ'eyo. öžö boy(I).ABS äƛ-a-ʔ-aš village-OBL-IN-ABL Ø-eⁿƛ'e-yo I-go-PST ‘The boy left the village.’ ★
RAIN	no verbal counterpart	NNever	0	N/A
APPEAR	yoⁿq'al	NNever	1	1-abs abs[1].V (47) Boq moq'oyo. boq sun(III).ABS m-oq'o-yo III-come-PST ‘The sun appeared.’ ★
SMELL	mäh biq'al	RRegularly	1	1-lat V (49) Kibbal k'imalis mäh biq'eyo. kibba-l girl.OBL-LAT k'ima-li-s cheese-OBL-GEN1 mäh smell(III).ABS b-iq'e-yo III-know-PST ‘The girl smelled the cheese.’ ★	1-poss V'pot (274) Kibbaqa k'imalis mäh biq'eyłiyo. kibba-qa girl.OBL-POSS k'ima-li-s cheese-OBL-GEN1 mäh smell(III).ABS b-iq'e-ył-iyo III-know-POT-PST ‘The girl could smell the cheese.’ ★	1	true
MEET	keziyaqal	NNever	2	1-erg 2-abs abs[2].V (51) Öždil kid keziyaqiyo. öždi-l boy.OBL-DAT kid girl(II).ABS kezi<y>aq-iyo meet<II>-PST ‘The boy met the girl.’ ★
HEAR	tuqal	NNever	2	1-lat 2-abs abs[2].V (54) Kibbal quy tuqiyo. kibba-l girl.OBL-LAT quy noise.ABS tuq-iyo hear-PST ‘The girl heard the noise.’ ★
BREAK	yišelal	NNever	3	1-erg 2-abs 3-instr abs[2].V (56) Öždi xäbäläd c'ika bišello. öždi boy.ERG xäbä-lä-d foot-OBL-INSTR c'ika glass(III).ABS b-iše-ll-o III-break-CAUS-PST ‘The boy broke the glass with his foot.’ ★
TOUCH	yeⁿxelal	NNever	3	1-erg 2-lat 3-abs abs[3].V (62) Öždi kibbal koo yeⁿxelca. öždi boy.ERG kibba-l girl.OBL-LAT koo hand(IV).ABS y-eⁿxe-l-ca IV-touch-CAUS-PRS ‘The boy touches the girl with his hand.’ ★
COVER	yoq'olal	NNever	3	1-erg 2-abs 3-sup abs[2].V (64) Kibba öždiƛ'a yurɣan moq'olca. kibba girl.ERG öždi-ƛ'a boy.OBL-SUP yurɣan blanket(III).ABS m-oq'o-l-ca III-come-CAUS-PRS ‘The girl covers the boy with the blanket.’ ★
BUILD	no verbal counterpart	NNever	0	N/A
LAUGH	łowal	NNever	1	1-abs abs[1].V (74) Kid łowas. kid girl.ABS łowa-s laugh-PRS ‘The girl laughs.’ ★
SHOW	yegalal	NNever	3	1-erg 2-lat 3-abs abs[3].V (77) Öždi kibbal t'ek yegalca. öždi boy.ERG kibba-l girl.OBL-LAT t'ek book(IV).ABS y-ega-l-ca IV-see-CAUS-PRS ‘The boy shows a book to the girl.’ ★
BE A HUNTER	no verbal counterpart	NNever	0	N/A
GET	yiqal	NNever	3	1-lat 2-possabl 3-abs abs[3].V (82) Öždil kibbaqas t'ek yiqoyo. öždi-l boy.OBL-LAT kibba-qa-s girl.OBL-POSS-ABL t'ek book(IV).ABS y-iqo-yo IV-get-PST ‘The boy got the book from the girl.’ ★
PUSH	zistuqlal	NNever	2	1-erg 2-abs abs[2].V (90) Öždi ƛ'alo zistuqilca. öždi boy.ERG ƛ'alo stone(IV).ABS zistuqil-ca push(IV)-PRS ‘The boy pushes the stone.’ ★

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.