Causative with -l/-ll C
Description
The causative suffix -l-/-ll- derives transitive verbs from intransitive or affective verbs, and ditransitive verbs from transitive verbs; in the latter, the causee appears in the Instrumental case.
The suffix -k’- derives transitive verbs from intransitive inchoative verbs.
Intransitive compound verbs formed with the auxiliary verb yaqal ‘to happen’ derive transitives by changing the auxiliary verb to yowal ‘to do’.
Some intransitive verbs do not use derivational suffixes but use morphologically unrelated stems to express transitive meaning.
A small group of intransitive verbs form transitives analytically with the verb golal (gulal, gilal) 'put'.
The suffix -k’- derives transitive verbs from intransitive inchoative verbs.
Intransitive compound verbs formed with the auxiliary verb yaqal ‘to happen’ derive transitives by changing the auxiliary verb to yowal ‘to do’.
Some intransitive verbs do not use derivational suffixes but use morphologically unrelated stems to express transitive meaning.
A small group of intransitive verbs form transitives analytically with the verb golal (gulal, gilal) 'put'.
Verb meaning | Verb form | Occurs | arg_count | Basic Coding frame | Derived Coding frame | arg_count_derived | example |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BOIL | ɣayƛal | RRegularly | 1 |
|
|
2 | true |
FALL | yekal | RRegularly | 2 |
|
|
3 | true |
ROLL | k'äyƛäl | RRegularly | 1 |
|
|
2 | true |
LOOK AT | goc'oqal | RRegularly | 2 |
|
|
3 | true |
BLINK | häydä pacpaƛal | RRegularly | 0 |
|
|
1 | true |
BURN | yek'al | RRegularly | 1 |
|
|
2 | true |
CRY | yiyaal | NNever | 1 |
|
|||
BEAT | yäƛ'elal | RRegularly | 3 |
|
|
4 | true |
GIVE | niƛal | RRegularly | 3 |
|
|
4 | true |
TOUCH | yeⁿxelal | RRegularly | 3 |
|
|
4 | true |
EAT | yüⁿqal | NNever | 2 |
|
|||
SEE | yegaal | MMarginally | 2 |
|
|||
KNOW | yiq'al | RRegularly | 2 |
|
|
3 | true |
LIKE | yat'al | RRegularly | 2 |
|
|
3 | true |
FEAR | hic'al | NNever | 2 |
|
|||
FRIGHTEN | hič'egolal | RRegularly | 2 |
|
|
3 | true |
WASH | nizal | RRegularly | 2 |
|
|
3 | true |
SING | no verbal counterpart | RRegularly | 0 |
|
3 | true | |
CLEAN | yaⁿcolal | RRegularly | 3 |
|
4 | true | |
BE ILL | k'ok'al | RRegularly | 1 |
|
|
2 | true |
PEEL | no verbal counterpart | NNever | 0 | ||||
HELP | komak bowal | RRegularly | 2 |
|
|
3 | true |
SAY | nisal | RRegularly | 3 |
|
|
4 | true |
TELL | xabar meyal | RRegularly | 2 |
|
(159) uštel-li teacher-ERG q'owa-d children-INSTR hini-l REFL-LAT xabar story(III).ABS m-ee-yl-iyo III-let.out-CAUS-PST ‘The teacher made the children tell him a story.’ |
3 | true |
TEACH | małciyowal | RRegularly | 3 |
|
|
4 | true |
GO | yeⁿƛ'al (1) | RRegularly | 2 |
|
|
3 | true |
DIE | yuɣal | RRegularly | 1 |
|
|
2 | true |
KILL | yiƛ'al (1) | RRegularly | 3 |
|
|
4 | true |
SIT | q'ey yecal | RRegularly | 1 |
|
|
2 | true |
TIE | yiⁿcal | RRegularly | 4 |
|
|
5 | true |
POUR | git'al | RRegularly | 3 |
|
|
4 | true |
PUT | gulal | RRegularly | 3 |
|
|
4 | true |
LOAD | yoⁿsal | RRegularly | 3 |
|
|
4 | true |
CUT | yüč'al | RRegularly | 3 |
|
|
4 | true |
FOLLOW | müɣäƛ yeⁿƛ'al | NNever | 2 |
|
|||
HIDE | yuⁿcal (1) | RRegularly | 3 |
|
|
4 | true |
THINK | urɣeziyaqal | NNever | 2 |
|
|||
SEARCH FOR | xalbowal | RRegularly | 2 |
|
|
3 | true |
DRESS | łič'elal | RRegularly | 3 |
|
4 | true | |
SCREAM | lalaƛal | RRegularly | 2 |
|
|
3 | true |
TAKE | yokčal | RRegularly | 3 |
|
|
4 | true |
NAME | caaⁿ gulal | RRegularly | 2 |
|
|
3 | true |
TEAR | yäxelal | RRegularly | 3 |
|
4 | true | |
BE SAD | urɣelliƛ'a yaqal | RRegularly | 1 |
|
|
2 | true |
FEEL COLD | yäč’ɬal | NNever | 1 |
|
|||
BE HUNGRY | nukal | NNever | 1 |
|
|||
COUGH | öhƛäl | NNever | 1 |
|
|||
FILL | yoc'lal | RRegularly | 2 |
|
|
3 | true |
COOK | helal | RRegularly | 2 |
|
|
3 | true |
SINK | ɣanq'iziyaqal | NNever | 1 |
|
|||
LEAVE | yeⁿƛ'al (2) | NNever | 2 |
|
|||
RUN | č'an yaɣal | RRegularly | 1 |
|
|
2 | true |
RAIN | no verbal counterpart | RRegularly | 0 | ||||
APPEAR | yoⁿq'al | RRegularly | 1 |
|
|
2 | true |
HUG | aⁿło yoc'al | RRegularly | 2 |
|
|
3 | true |
SMELL | mäh biq'al | RRegularly | 1 |
|
|
2 | true |
SHAVE (a body part/person) | kusuʔal | RRegularly | 2 |
|
|
3 | true |
MEET | keziyaqal | NNever | 2 |
|
|||
MAKE | yowal | RRegularly | 2 |
|
(128) kibba girl.ERG iyo-d mother-INSTR simindi-ya-la maize-OBL-GEN2 hät't'ä-š flour.OBL-GEN1 bäbä bread(III).ABS b-oy-l-is III-do-CAUS-PRS ‘The girl made the mother make the bread out of maize flour.’ |
3 | true |
HEAR | tuqal | RRegularly | 2 |
|
|
3 | true |
ASK FOR | harziyowal | RRegularly | 3 |
|
|
4 | true |
BREAK | yišelal | RRegularly | 3 |
|
4 | true | |
CLIMB | no verbal counterpart | NNever | 0 | ||||
COVER | yoq'olal | RRegularly | 3 |
|
|
4 | true |
JUMP | yogic'al | RRegularly | 1 |
|
|
2 | true |
BUILD | no verbal counterpart | NNever | 0 | ||||
SEND | yeⁿyal | RRegularly | 3 |
|
|
4 | true |
PLAY | k'isal | NNever | 1 |
|
|||
LAUGH | łowal | NNever | 1 |
|
|||
CARRY | yezal | RRegularly | 3 |
|
|
4 | true |
SHOW | yegalal | RRegularly | 3 |
|
|
4 | true |
LIVE | ömrö bowal | RRegularly | 2 |
|
|
3 | true |
BE DRY | qoqal | RRegularly | 1 |
|
|
2 | true |
DIG | yäxäl | RRegularly | 2 |
|
|
3 | true |
BE A HUNTER | no verbal counterpart | NNever | 0 | ||||
GET | yiqal | RRegularly | 3 |
|
|
4 | true |
BRING | yaq'al | RRegularly | 3 |
|
|
4 | true |
STEAL | yuⁿcal (2) | RRegularly | 3 |
|
|
4 | true |
THROW | yiƛ'al (2) | RRegularly | 3 |
|
|
4 | true |
PUSH | zistuqlal | RRegularly | 2 |
|
|
3 | true |
GRIND | haʔal | RRegularly | 2 |
|
|
3 | true |
TALK | yiq'lašal | NNever | 2 |
|
|||
RUN | č'änaɣal | RRegularly | 1 |
|
|
2 | true |