Antipassive 1 Alternation C

Description

The verb is marked with the antipassive suffix. Antipassive is formed from intransitive, transitive, and unergative predicates. The sense of Antipassive is durative. The S, S-a (subject in the ergative), or A appears in the absolutive, the P appears in the instrumental or is lost.

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Participants in Basic CF:

Verb meaning	Verb form	Occurs	arg_count	Basic Coding frame	Derived Coding frame	arg_count_derived	example
SCREAM	lalaƛal	RRegularly	2	1-erg 2-sup V (29) Öždi kibbaƛ'a lalaƛoyo. öždi boy.ERG kibba-ƛ'a girl.OBL-SUP lalaƛo-yo shout-PST ‘The boy shouted at the girl.’ ★	1-abs 2-sup abs[1].V'antip (66) Öžö kibbaƛ'a laladayo. öžö boy.ABS kibba-ƛ'a girl.OBL-SUP lala-da-yo shout-ANTIP-PST ‘The boy shouted at the girl.’ ★	2	true
JUMP	yogic'al	RRegularly	1	1-abs abs[1].V (65) Öžö ogic'iyo. öžö boy(I).ABS Ø-ogic'-iyo I-jump-PST ‘The boy jumped.’ ★	1-abs abs[1].V'antip (67) Öžö ogiyacca. öžö boy(I).ABS Ø-ogi<ya>c-ca I-jump<ANTIP>-PRS ‘The boy is busy jumping.’ ★	1	true
GIVE	niƛal	RRegularly	3	1-erg 2-lat 3-abs abs[3].V (59) Öždi kibbal t'ek niƛiyo. öždi boy.ERG kibba-l girl.OBL-LAT t'ek book.ABS niƛ-iyo give-PST ‘The boy gave the book to the girl.’ ★	1-abs 2-lat 3-instr abs[1].V'antip (68) Öžö kibbal t'eklad niƛdas. öžö boy.ABS kibba-l girl.OBL-LAT t'ek-la-d book-PL-INSTR niƛ-da-s give-ANTIP-PRS ‘The boy gives books to the girl.’ ★	3	true
SHAVE (a body part/person)	kusuʔal	RRegularly	2	1-erg 2-abs abs[2].V (50) Öždi bab kusuʔiyo. öždi boy.ERG bab beard.ABS kusuʔ-iyo shave-PST ‘The boy shaved his beard.’ ★	1-abs 2-instr abs[1].V'antip (69) Öžö kusuʔdas. öžö boy.ABS kusuʔ-da-s shave-ANTIP-PRS ‘The boy shaves.’ ★	2	true
COUGH	öhƛäl	RRegularly	1	1-erg V (38) Kibba öhƛöyo. kibba girl.ERG öhƛö-yo cough-PST ‘The girl coughed.’ ★	1-abs abs[1].V'antip (70) Kid öhdäyo. kid girl.ABS öhdä-yo cough.ANTIP-PST ‘The girl coughed many times.’ ★	1	true
POUR	git'al	RRegularly	3	1-erg LOC2 3-abs abs[3].V (20) Kibba wedralaʔ łi git'iyo. kibba girl.ERG wedra-la-ʔ bucket-OBL-INESS łi water(IV).ABS git'-iyo pour(II/IV)-PST ‘The girl poured water into the bucket.’ ★	1-abs LOC2 3-instr abs[1].V'antip (91) Öžö wedralaʔ łiid git'das. öžö boy(I).ABS wedra-la-ʔ bucket-OBL-INESS łii-d water-INSTR git'-da-s pour(I)-ANTIP-PRS ‘The boy is busy pouring the water into the bucket.’ ★	3	true
PUT	gulal	RRegularly	3	1-erg LOC2 3-abs abs[3].V (21) Öždi istoliyaƛ'a t'ek guliyo. öždi boy.ERG istoli-ya-ƛ'a table-OBL-SUP t'ek book(IV).ABS gul-iyo put(IV)-PST ‘The boy put the book on the table.’ ★	1-abs LOC2 3-instr abs[1].V'antip (92) Öžö istoliyaƛ'a t'eklad goldas. öžö boy(I).ABS istoli-ya-ƛ'a table-OBL-SUP t'ek-la-d book-PL-INSTR gol-da-s put(I)-ANTIP-PRS ‘The boy is busy putting books on the table.’ ★	3	true
THROW	yiƛ'al (2)	RRegularly	3	1-erg 2-lat 3-abs abs[3].V (86) Öždi kibbal burti biƛ'eyo. öždi boy.ERG kibba-l girl.OBL-LAT burti ball(III).ABS b-iƛ'e-yo III-throw-PST ‘The boy threw the ball to the girl (so as to hit her).’ ★ (89) Öždi istoliyaƛ'a q'alam biƛ'eyo. öždi boy.ERG istoli-ya-ƛ'a table-OBL-SUP q'alam pencil(III).ABS b-iƛ'e-yo III-throw-PST ‘The boy threw the pencil on the table.’ ★	1-abs 2-lat 3-instr abs[1].V'antip (93) Öžö istoliyaƛ'a q'alamlid iƛ'elas. öžö boy(I).ABS istoli-ya-ƛ'a table-OBL-SUP q'alam-li-d pencil-OBL-INSTR Ø-iƛ'e-la-s I-throw-ANTIP-PRS ‘The boy is busy throwing pencils on the table.’ ★	3	true
BRING	yaq'al	RRegularly	3	1-erg 2-lat 3-abs abs[3].V (83) Kibba iyol žamɣo baq'oyo. kibba girl.ERG iyo-l mother-LAT žamɣo sorrel(III).ABS b-aq'o-yo III-bring-PST ‘The girl brought sorrel to the mother.’ ★	1-abs 2-lat 3-instr abs[1].V'antip (94) Kid iyol žamɣolid yaq'olas. kid girl(II).ABS iyo-l mother-LAT žamɣo-li-d sorrel-OBL-INSTR y-aq'o-la-s II-bring-ANTIP-PRS ‘The girl is busy bringing sorrel to the mother.’ ★	3	true
CARRY	yezal	RRegularly	3	1-erg 2-lat 3-abs abs[3].V (75) Öždi q'ac'icco iyol yežeš. öždi boy.ERG q'ac'icco rucksack(IV).ABS iyo-l mother-LAT y-eže-š IV-carry-PRS ‘The boy carried the rucksack for the mother.’ ★	1-abs 2-lat 3-instr abs[1].V'antip (95) Öžö q'ac'iccad iyodoy eželas. öžö boy(I).ABS q'ac'icca-d rucksack.OBL-INSTR iyo-doy mother-APUD Ø-eže-la-s I-carry-ANTIP-PRS ‘The boy is busy carrying the rucksack to the mother.’ ★	3	true
STEAL	yuⁿcal (2)	RRegularly	3	1-erg 2-possabl 3-abs abs[3].V (85) Öždi kibbaqas t'ek yuⁿcoyo. öždi boy.ERG kibba-qa-s girl.OBL-POSS-ABL t'ek book(IV).ABS y-uⁿco-yo IV-steal-PST ‘The boy stole the book from the girl.’ ★	1-abs 2-possabl 3-instr abs[1].V'antip (96) Öžö kibbaqas t'eklad uⁿcolas. öžö boy(I).ABS kibba-qa-s girl.OBL-POSS-ABL t'ek-la-d book-PL-INSTR Ø-uⁿco-la-s I-steal-ANTIP-PRS ‘The boy is busy stealing books from the girl.’ ★	3	true
CLEAN	yaⁿcolal	RRegularly	3	1-erg LOC2 3-abs abs[3].V (97) Öždi istoliyaƛ'as čaq'i yaⁿcolca. öždi boy.ERG istoli-ya-ƛ'a-s table-OBL-SUP-ABL čaq'i ink(IV).ABS y-aⁿco-l-ca IV-clean-CAUS-PRS ‘The boy wipes the ink off the table.’ ★	1-abs LOC2 3-instr abs[1].V'antip (98) Öžö istoliyaƛ'as čaq'ilad aⁿcoldas. öžö boy(I).ABS istoli-ya-ƛ'a-s table-OBL-SUP-ABL čaq'i-la-d ink-OBL-INSTR Ø-aⁿco-l-da-s I-clean-CAUS-ANTIP-PRS ‘The boy is busy wiping the ink off the table.’ ★	3	true
CUT	yüč'al	RRegularly	3	1-erg 2-abs 3-instr abs[2].V (23) Öždi c'it'ad bäbä büč'iyo. öždi boy.ERG c'it'-a-d knife-OBL-INSTR bäbä bread(III).ABS b-üč'-iyo III-cut-PST ‘The boy cut the bread with the knife.’ ★	1-abs 2-instr abs[1].V'antip (99) Öžö c'it'ad bäbäläd üč'das. öžö boy(I).ABS c'it'ad knife.INSTR bäbä-lä-d bread-OBL-INSTR Ø-üⁿč'-da-s I-cut-ANTIP-PRS ‘The boy is busy cutting the bread with the knife.’ ★	2	true
BEAT	yäƛ'elal	RRegularly	3	1-erg 2-lat 3-abs abs[3].V (57) Öždi kibbal k'obala bäƛ'ello. öždi boy.ERG kibba-l girl.OBL-LAT k'obala stick(III).ABS b-äƛ'el-lo III-hit-PST ‘The boy hit the girl with the stick.’ ★	1-abs 2-lat 3-instr abs[1].V'antip (100) Öžö kibbal k'obalalid äƛ'eldas. öžö boy(I).ABS kibba-l girl.OBL-LAT k'obala-li-d stick-OBL-INSTR Ø-äƛ'el-da-s I-hit-ANTIP-PRS ‘The boy is busy hitting the girl with the stick.’ ★	3	true
TELL	xabar meyal	RRegularly	2	1-erg 2-lat V (14) Uštelli q'owal xabar meeyo. uštel-li teacher-ERG q'owa-l children-LAT xabar story(III).ABS m-ee-yo III-let.out-PST ‘The teacher told a story to the children.’ ★ (107) Kibba hinila gedis öždil xabar mehca. kibba girl.ERG hini-la REFL-GEN2 gedi-s cat.OBL-GEN1 öždi-l boy.OBL-LAT xabar story(III).ABS m-eh-ca III-let.out-PRS ‘The girl talks to the boy about her cat.’ ★	1-abs 2-lat abs[1].V'antip (101) Uštel q'owal xabarlaad eⁿhdas. uštel teacher(I).ABS q'owa-l children-LAT xabar-laa-d story-PL.OBL-INSTR Ø-eⁿh-da-s I-let.out-ANTIP-PRS ‘The teacher is busy telling a story to the kids.’ ★	2	true
WASH	nizal	RRegularly	2	1-erg 2-abs abs[2].V (7) Kibba łic'o nizaayo. kibba girl.ERG łic'o clothes.ABS nizaa-yo wash-PST ‘The girl washes the clothes.’ ★	1-abs 2-instr abs[1].V'antip (102) Kid łic'olid nizalaas. kid girl.ABS łic'o-li-d clothes-OBL-INSTR niza-laa-s wash-ANTIP-PRS ‘The girl is busy washing the clothes.’ ★	2	true
SING	no verbal counterpart	RRegularly	0	N/A	1-abs 2-instr abs[1].V'antip (103) Kid keč'lad iƛelas. kid girl.ABS keč'-la-d song-PL-INSTR iƛe-la-s sing-ANTIP-PRS ‘The girl is busy singing songs.’ ★	2	true
TAKE	yokčal	RRegularly	3	1-erg 2-possabl 3-abs abs[3].V (30) Kibba iyoqas t'ek yokčiyo. kibba girl.ERG iyo-qa-s mother-POSS-ABL t'ek book(IV).ABS y-okči-yo IV-take-PST ‘The girl took the book from the mother.’ ★	1-abs 2-possabl 3-instr abs[1].V'antip (105) Kid iyoqas t'eklad yokčildas. kid girl(II).ABS iyo-qa-s mother-POSS-ABL t'ek-la-d book-PL-INSTR y-okči-l-da-s II-take-CAUS-ANTIP-PST ‘The girl is busy taking books from her mother.’ ★	3	true
PEEL	no verbal counterpart	NNever	0	N/A
TOUCH	yeⁿxelal	RRegularly	3	1-erg 2-lat 3-abs abs[3].V (62) Öždi kibbal koo yeⁿxelca. öždi boy.ERG kibba-l girl.OBL-LAT koo hand(IV).ABS y-eⁿxe-l-ca IV-touch-CAUS-PRS ‘The boy touches the girl with his hand.’ ★	1-abs 2-lat 3-instr abs[1].V'antip (186) Öžö kibbal kood eⁿxeldas. öžö boy(I).ABS kibba-l girl.OBL-LAT koo-d hand-INSTR Ø-eⁿxe-l-da-s I-touch-CAUS-ANTIP-PRS ‘The boy is busy touching the girl with the hand.’ ★	3	true
EAT	yüⁿqal	RRegularly	2	1-erg 2-abs abs[2].V (1) Öždi bäbä müqiyo. öždi boy.ERG bäbä bread(III).ABS m-üq-iyo III-eat-PST ‘The boy ate bread.’ ★	1-abs 2-instr abs[1].V'antip (140) Öžö bäbäläd üⁿqdäš. öžö boy(I).ABS bäbä-lä-d bread-OBL-INSTR Ø-üⁿq-dä-š I-eat-ANTIP-PRS ‘The boy is busy eating the bread.’ ★	2	true
SEE	yegaal	MMarginally	2	1-lat 2-abs abs[2].V (2) Kibbal iyo yegaayo. kibba-l girl.OBL-LAT iyo mother(II).ABS y-egaa-yo II-see-PST ‘The girl saw her mother.’ ★
KNOW	yiq'al	RRegularly	2	1-lat 2-abs abs[2].V (3) Abol teli xabarla yiyaq'eš. abo-l father-LAT teli many xabar-la story-PL y-iyaq'e-š NHPL-know.PL-PRS ‘The father knows many stories.’ ★	1-abs 2-instr abs[1].V'antip (295) Kid darslid yiq'eldas. kid girl(II) darsbaad lesson.PL.INSTR y-iq'e-l-da-s II-know-CAUS-ANTIP-PRS ‘The girl is busy learning the lessons.’ ★	2	true
LIKE	yat'al	NNever	2	1-lat 2-abs abs[2].V (4) Öždil kid yat'ca. öždi-l boy.OBL-LAT kid girl(II).ABS y-at'-ca II-like-PRS ‘The boy likes the girl.’ ★
FEAR	hic'al	NNever	2	1-abs 2-poss abs[1].V (5) Kid c'oyqa hič'eš. kid girl.ABS c'o-y-qa fire-OBL-POSS hič'e-š fear-PRS ‘The girl fears the fire.’ ★
FRIGHTEN	hič'egolal	NNever	2	1-erg 2-abs abs[2].V (6) Kibba öžö hič'egolca. kibba girl.ERG öžö boy(I).ABS hič'e-gol-ca fear-MAKE(I)-PRS ‘The girl frightens the boy.’ ★
CRY	yiyaal	NNever	1	1-abs abs[1].V (9) Kid yiyas. kid girl(II).ABS y-iya-s II-cry-PRS ‘The girl cries.’ ★
BE ILL	k'ok'al	NNever	1	1-abs abs[1].V (10) Kid k'ok'ona gey. kid girl.ABS k'ok'o-na be.ill-CVB gey be.PRS ‘The girl is ill.’ ★ (35) Iyos q'äm k'ok'os. iyo-s mother-GEN1 q'äm head.ABS k'ok'o-s hurt-PRS ‘The mother's head is aching.’ ★
HELP	komak bowal	NNever	2	1-erg 2-lat V (12) Kibba iyol komak booyo. kibba girl.ERG iyo-l mother-LAT komak help(III).ABS b-oo-yo III-do-PST ‘The girl helped her mother.’ ★
SAY	nisal	NNever	3	1-erg 2-poss UTT3 V (13) Kibba aboqa dilna niƛaƛo nisoyo. kibba girl.ERG abo-qa father-POSS dil-na 1SG.LAT-and niƛ-a-ƛo give-IMP-QUOT niso-yo say-PST ‘The girl said to the father: "Give me as well!".’ ★
FALL	yekal	–No data	2	1-abs 2-supabl abs[1].V (15) Öžö xöxƛ'äš ekiyo. öžö boy(I).ABS xöx-ƛ'ä-š tree.OBL-SUP-ABL Ø-ek-iyo I-fall-PST ‘The boy fell from the tree.’ ★
TEACH	małciyowal	NNever	3	1-erg 2-lat 3-abs abs[3].V (118) Öždi kibbal ʔarab mic małciboos. öždi boy.ERG kibba-l girl.OBL-LAT ʔarab Arabic mic language(III).ABS małci<b>oo-s teach<III>-PRS ‘The boy teaches the Arabic language to the girl.’ ★
GO	yeⁿƛ'al (1)	RRegularly	2	1-abs LOC2 abs[1].V (108) Kid yeⁿƛ'eš biƛoɣa. kid girl(II).ABS y-eⁿƛ'e-š II-go-PRS biƛo-ɣa house-APUD ‘The girl goes home.’ ★	1-abs LOC2 abs[1].V'antip (287) Kid y-eⁿyaƛ'e-š biƛo-ɣa. kid girl(I) y-eⁿ<ya>ƛ'e-š II-go<ANTIP>-PRS biƛo-ɣa house-APUD ‘The girl is busy going home.’ ★	2	true
DIE	yuɣal	NNever	1	1-abs abs[1].V (16) Iyo yuɣoyo. iyo mother(II).ABS y-uɣo-yo II-die-PST ‘The mother died.’ ★
KILL	yiƛ'al (1)	RRegularly	3	1-erg 2-abs 3-instr abs[2].V (17) Öždi bekela k'obalalid biƛ'eyo. öždi boy.ERG bekela snake(III).ABS k'obala-li-d stick-OBL-INSTR b-iƛ'e-yo III-kill-PST ‘The boy killed the snake with the stick.’ ★	1-abs 2-instr abs[1].V'antip (289) Öžö bekelalid k'obalalid iƛ'elas. öžö boy bekela-li-d snake-OBL-INSTR k'obala-li-d stick-OBL-INSTR Ø-iƛ'e-la-s I-kill-ANTIP-PRS ‘The boy is busy killing the snake withthe stick.’ ★	2	true
SIT	q'ey yecal	NNever	1	1-abs abs[1].V (18) Kid q'ey yečena gey. kid girl(II).ABS q'ey on.the.ground y-eče-na II-be-CVB gey be.PRS ‘The girl is sitting.’ ★
TIE	yiⁿcal	RRegularly	4	1-erg 2-abs 3-instr LOC4 abs[2].V (19) Öždi waya sabaliyad micoyo xöxił. öždi boy.ERG waya cow(III).ABS sabali-ya-d rope-OBL-INSTR m-ico-yo III-tie-PST xöx-i-ł tree-OBL-INTER ‘The boy tied the cow to the tree with the rope.’ ★	1-abs 3-instr 4-loc abs[1].V'antip (143) Öžö sabaliyad xöxił iⁿcolas. öžö boy(I).ABS sabali-ya-d rope-OBL-INSTR xöx-i-ł tree-OBL-INTER Ø-iⁿco-la-s I-tie-ANTIP-PRS ‘The boy ties the rope to the tree.’ ★	3	true
LOAD	yoⁿsal	RRegularly	3	1-erg LOC2 3-abs abs[3].V (22) Öždi hudo mašinalƛ'a mosoyo. öždi boy.ERG hudo firewood(III).ABS mašina-l-ƛ'a car-OBL-SUP m-oso-yo III-collapse-PST ‘The boy loaded the firewood onto the car.’ ★	1-abs LOC2 3-instr abs[1].V'antip (174) Öžö hudad mašinalƛ'a oⁿsolas. öžö boy(I).ABS huda-d firewood.OBL-INSTR mašina-l-ƛ'a car-OBL-SUP Ø-oⁿso-la-s I-collapse-ANTIP-PST ‘The boy is busy loading the firewood on the car.’ ★	3	true
FOLLOW	müɣäƛ yeⁿƛ'al	RRegularly	2	1-abs 2-com abs[1].V (24) Öžö kibbaɣoy müɣäƛ eⁿƛ'eš. öžö boy(I).ABS kibba-ɣoy girl.OBL-COMIT müɣäƛ after Ø-eⁿƛ'e-š I-go-PRS ‘The boy follows the girl.’ ★	1-abs 2-com abs[1].V'antip (301) Öžö kibbaɣoy müɣäƛ eⁿyaƛ'eš. öžö boy(I).ABS kibba-ɣoy girl.OBL-COMIT müɣäƛ after Ø-eⁿ<ya>ƛ'e-š I-go<ANTIP>-PRS ‘The boy is busy following the girl.’ ★	2	true
HIDE	yuⁿcal (1)	NNever	3	1-erg 2-abl 3-abs abs[3].V (25) Öždi isilco t'ek yuⁿcoyo. öždi boy.ERG isi-l-co sister-OBL-ABL t'ek book(IV).ABS y-uⁿco-yo IV-hide-PST ‘The boy hid the book from his sister.’ ★
THINK	urɣeziyaqal	NNever	2	1-abs 2-supabl abs[1].V (26) Öžö kibbaƛ'as urɣeziaqiyo. öžö boy(I).ABS kibba-ƛ'a-s girl.OBL-SUP-ABL urɣezi<Ø>aq-iyo think<I>-PST ‘The boy thinks about the girl.’ ★
SEARCH FOR	xalbowal	NNever	2	1-erg 2-abs abs[2].V (27) Kibba t'ek xalbooyo. kibba girl.ERG t'ek book.ABS xalboo-yo search-PST ‘The girl looked for the book.’ ★
DRESS	łič'elal	RRegularly	3	1-erg 2-abs 3-sup abs[2].V (191) Kibba iyod kunta isiƛ'a łič'elliyo. kibba girl.ERG iyod mother.INSTR kunta dress.ABS isi-ƛ'a sister-SUP łič'e-ll-iyo put.on-CAUS-PST ‘The girl dressed the sister with the mother's help.’ ★	1-abs 3-sup 2-instr abs[1].V'antip (177) Kid iyod isiƛ'a kuntalad łič'eldas. kid girl.ABS iyo-d mother-INSTR isi-ƛ'a sister-SUP kunta-la-d dress-OBL-INSTR łič'e-l-da-s put.on-CAUS-ANTIP-PRS ‘The girl is dressing the sister with the mother.’ ★	3	true
LOOK AT	goc'oqal	NNever	2	1-abs 2-poss abs[1].V (28) Öžö kibbaqa goc'oqiyo. öžö boy.ABS kibba-qa girl.OBL-POSS goc'oq-iyo look(I)-PST ‘The boy looked at the girl.’ ★
NAME	caaⁿ gulal	RRegularly	2	1-erg 2-sup V (31) Mähmädi öždiƛ'a Murad caaⁿ gullo. Mähmäd-i Magomed-ERG öždi-ƛ'a boy.OBL-SUP Murad Murad caaⁿ name(IV).ABS gul-lo put(IV)-PST ‘Magomed called his son Murad.’ ★	1-abs 2-sup abs[1].V'antip (179) Mähmäd öždiƛ'a caaⁿd goldas. Mähmäd Magomed.ABS öždi-ƛ'a boy.OBL-SUP caaⁿd name.INSTR gol-da-s put(I)-ANTIP-PRS ‘Magomed gives names to boys.’ ★	2	true
TEAR	yäxelal	RRegularly	3	1-erg 2-abl 3-abs abs[3].V (32) Kibba kuntalałco ɣeč'i yäxelca. kibba girl.ERG kunta-la-ł-co dress-OBL-INTER-ABL ɣeč'i tissue(IV).ABS y-äxe-l-ca IV-tear-CAUS-PRS ‘The girl tears the tissue from the dress.’ ★	1-abs 3-instr 2-abl abs[1].V'antip (180) Öžö kuntalałla kisad äxeldas. öžö boy(I).ABS kuntalałla dress.OBL.INTER.GEN2 kisad pocket.INSTR Ø-äxe-l-da-s I-tear-CAUS-ANTIP-PRS ‘The boy is busy tearing the dress pocket.’ ★	3	true
BE SAD	urɣelliƛ'a yaqal	NNever	1	1-abs abs[1].V (33) Öžö urɣelliƛ'a gey. öžö boy.ABS urɣel-li-ƛ'a thought-OBL-SUP gey be.PRS ‘The boy is sad.’ ★
FEEL COLD	yäč’ɬal	NNever	1	1-abs abs[1].V (34) Öžö äč’ɬiyo. öžö boy(I).ABS Ø-äč’-ɬ-iyo I-cold-INCH-PST ‘The boy got cold.’ ★
BURN	yek'al	MMarginally	1	1-abs abs[1].V (36) Hudo bek'eš. hudo firewood(III).ABS b-ek'e-š III-burn-PRS ‘The firewood is burning.’ ★
BE HUNGRY	nukal	NNever	1	1-abs abs[1].V (37) Kid nukoyo. kid girl.ABS nuko-yo be.hungry-PST ‘The girl was hungry.’ ★
BLINK	häydä pacpaƛal	RRegularly	0	V (39) Öždis häydä pacpaƛos. öždi-s boy.OBL-GEN1 häy-dä eye-PL pacpaƛo-s blink-PRS ‘The boys eyes are blinking.’ ★	V'antip (291) öždis häydä pacpaƛoldas. öždi-s boy.OBL-GEN1 häy-dä eye-PL pacpaƛo-l-da-s blink-CAUS-ANTIP-PRS ‘The boy's eyes are blinking.’ ★	0	true
FILL	yoc'lal	RRegularly	2	1-erg 2-abs abs[2].V (40) Kibba łiis wedra boc'ilca. kibba girl.ERG łii-s water-GEN1 wedra bucket(III).ABS b-oc'-il-ca III-fill-CAUS-PRS ‘The girl fills the bucket with the water.’ ★	1-abs 2-instr abs[1].V'antip (299) Kid łiis wedralad yoc'ildas. kid girl(II) łiis water.GEN1 wedra-la-d bucket-OBL-INSTR y-oc'il-da-s II-fill-ANTIP-PRS ‘The girl is busy filling the bucket with the water.’ ★	2	true
COOK	helal	RRegularly	2	1-erg 2-abs abs[2].V (41) Kibba xo heleyo. kibba girl.ERG xo meat.ABS hele-yo boil-PST ‘The girl cooked (boiled) the meat.’ ★	1-abs 2-instr abs[1].V'antip (290) Kid k'atulad helelas. kid girl k'atu-la-d potato-OBL-INSTR hele-la-s cook-ANTIP-PRS ‘The girl is busy cooking potato.’ ★	2	true
SINK	ɣanq'iziyaqal	NNever	1	1-abs abs[1].V (42) Gama ɣanq'izibaqiyo. gama boat(III).ABS ɣanq'izi<b>aq-iyo sink<III>-PST ‘The boat sank.’ ★
LEAVE	yeⁿƛ'al (2)	RRegularly	2	1-abs 2-abl abs[1].V (43) Öžö äƛaʔaš eⁿƛ'eyo. öžö boy(I).ABS äƛ-a-ʔ-aš village-OBL-IN-ABL Ø-eⁿƛ'e-yo I-go-PST ‘The boy left the village.’ ★	1-abs 2-abl abs[1].V'antip (296) Öžö äƛaʔaš eⁿyaƛ'eyo. öžö boy(I).ABS äƛ-a-ʔ-aš village-OBL-IN-ABL Ø-eⁿ<ya>ƛ'e-yo I-go<ANTIP>-PST ‘The boy is busy leaving the village.’ ★	2	true
ROLL	k'äyƛäl	NNever	1	1-abs abs[1].V (44) Örrä k'äyƛöš. örrä wheel.ABS k'äyƛö-š turn.round-PRS ‘The wheel is rolling.’ ★
RUN	č'an yaɣal	RRegularly	1	1-erg V (45) Öždi yiƛa č'an yaɣos. öždi boy.ERG yiƛa fast č'an run(IV).ABS y-aɣo-s IV-take-PRS ‘The boy is running fast.’ ★	1-abs abs[1].V'antip (286) Öžö yiƛa č'anad aɣoldas. öžö boy(I) yiƛa fast č'an-a-d run-OBL-INSTR Ø-aɣo-l-da-s I-take-CAUS-ANTIP-PRS ‘The boy is busy running fast.’ ★	1	true
RAIN	no verbal counterpart	NNever	0	N/A
APPEAR	yoⁿq'al	NNever	1	1-abs abs[1].V (47) Boq moq'oyo. boq sun(III).ABS m-oq'o-yo III-come-PST ‘The sun appeared.’ ★
HUG	aⁿło yoc'al	RRegularly	2	1-erg 2-lat V (48) Öždi kibbal aⁿło yoc'iyo. öždi boy.ERG kibba-l girl.OBL-LAT aⁿło embrace(IV).ABS y-oc'-iyo IV-fill-PST ‘The boy hugged the girl.’ ★	1-abs 2-lat abs[1].V'antip (184) Öžö kibbal aⁿłod oc'ildas. öžö boy(I).ABS kibba-l girl.OBL-LAT aⁿłod embrace.INSTR Ø-oc'-il-da-s I-fill-CAUS-ANTIP-PRS ‘The boy is busy hugging the girl.’ ★	2	true
SMELL	mäh biq'al	NNever	1	1-lat V (49) Kibbal k'imalis mäh biq'eyo. kibba-l girl.OBL-LAT k'ima-li-s cheese-OBL-GEN1 mäh smell(III).ABS b-iq'e-yo III-know-PST ‘The girl smelled the cheese.’ ★
MEET	keziyaqal	NNever	2	1-erg 2-abs abs[2].V (51) Öždil kid keziyaqiyo. öždi-l boy.OBL-DAT kid girl(II).ABS kezi<y>aq-iyo meet<II>-PST ‘The boy met the girl.’ ★
MAKE	yowal	RRegularly	2	1-erg 2-abs abs[2].V (52) Kibba simindiyala hät't'äš bäbä boos. kibba girl.ERG simindi-ya-la maize-OBL-GEN2 hät't'ä-š flour.OBL-GEN1 bäbä bread(III).ABS b-oo-s III-do-PRS ‘The girl makes the bread out of maize flour.’ ★	1-abs 2-instr abs[1].V'antip (303) Kid bäbäläd yohdas. kid girl(II) bäbä-lä-d bread-OBL-INSTR y-oh-da-s II-make-ANTIP-PRS ‘The girl is busy making bread.’ ★	2	true
BOIL	ɣayƛal	RRegularly	1	1-abs abs[1].V (53) łi ɣayƛos. łi water.ABS ɣayƛo-s boil-PRS ‘The water boils.’ ★	1-abs abs[1].V'antip (298) Kid łiid ɣayƛoldas. kid girl łiid water.INSTR ɣayƛo-l-da-s boil-CAUS-ANTIP-PRS ‘The girl is busy boiling the water.’ ★	1	true
HEAR	tuqal	NNever	2	1-lat 2-abs abs[2].V (54) Kibbal quy tuqiyo. kibba-l girl.OBL-LAT quy noise.ABS tuq-iyo hear-PST ‘The girl heard the noise.’ ★
ASK FOR	harziyowal	NNever	3	1-erg 2-poss 3-abs abs[3].V (55) Ist'i isiqa okko harziyooyo. ist'i brother.ERG isi-qa sister-POSS okko money(IV).ABS harzi<y>oo-yo ask<IV>-PST ‘The brother asked his sister for the money.’ ★
BREAK	yišelal	RRegularly	3	1-erg 2-abs 3-instr abs[2].V (56) Öždi xäbäläd c'ika bišello. öždi boy.ERG xäbä-lä-d foot-OBL-INSTR c'ika glass(III).ABS b-iše-ll-o III-break-CAUS-PST ‘The boy broke the glass with his foot.’ ★	1-abs 2-instr abs[1].V'antip (285) öžö xäbäläd c'ikalid išeldas. öžö boy(I) xäbä-lä-d foot-OBL-INSTR c'ika-li-d glass-OBL-INSTR Ø-išel-da-s I-break-ANTIP-PRS ‘The boy is busy breaking the glass with the foot.’ ★	2	true
CLIMB	no verbal counterpart	NNever	0	N/A
COVER	yoq'olal	RRegularly	3	1-erg 2-abs 3-sup abs[2].V (64) Kibba öždiƛ'a yurɣan moq'olca. kibba girl.ERG öždi-ƛ'a boy.OBL-SUP yurɣan blanket(III).ABS m-oq'o-l-ca III-come-CAUS-PRS ‘The girl covers the boy with the blanket.’ ★	1-abs 3-sup 2-instr abs[1].V'antip (133) Kid öždiƛ'a yurɣanlid yoq'oldas. kid girl(II).ABS öždi-ƛ'a boy.OBL-SUP yurɣan-li-d blanket-OBL-INSTR y-oq'o-l-da-s II-come-CAUS-ANTIP-PRS ‘The girl is busy covering the boy with the blanket.’ ★	3	true
BUILD	no verbal counterpart	NNever	0	N/A
SEND	yeⁿyal	RRegularly	3	1-erg 2-lat 3-abs abs[3].V (71) Öždi kibbal diʔi yeⁿeyo. öždi boy.ERG kibba-l girl.OBL-LAT diʔi flower(IV).ABS y-eⁿe-yo IV-send-PST ‘The boy sent the girl the flower (for permanent possession).’ ★	1-abs 2-lat 3-instr abs[1].V'antip (171) Öžö kibbal diʔiläd eⁿhdas. öžö boy(I).ABS kibba-l girl.OBL-LAT diʔi-lä-d flower-OBL-INSTR Ø-eⁿh-da-s I-send-ANTIP-PRS ‘The boy is busy sending flowers to the girl.’ ★	3	true
PLAY	k'isal	RRegularly	1	1-abs abs[1].V (73) Kid nänilaɬ k'isas. kid girl.ABS nänilaɬ doll.INTER k'isa-s play-PRS ‘The girl plays with the doll.’ ★	1-abs abs[1].V'antip (288) Kid nänilaɬ k'iyasas. kid girl nänilaɬ doll.INTER k'i<ya>sa-s play<ANTIP>-PRS ‘The girl is busy playing with the doll.’ ★	1	true
LAUGH	łowal	MMarginally	1	1-abs abs[1].V (74) Kid łowas. kid girl.ABS łowa-s laugh-PRS ‘The girl laughs.’ ★
SHOW	yegalal	NNever	3	1-erg 2-lat 3-abs abs[3].V (77) Öždi kibbal t'ek yegalca. öždi boy.ERG kibba-l girl.OBL-LAT t'ek book(IV).ABS y-ega-l-ca IV-see-CAUS-PRS ‘The boy shows a book to the girl.’ ★
LIVE	ömrö bowal	NNever	2	1-erg 2-iness V (78) Öždi äƛaʔ ömrö boos. öždi boy.ERG äƛ-a-ʔ village-OBL-INESS ömrö life(III).ABS b-oo-s III-do-PRS ‘The boy lives in the village.’ ★
BE DRY	qoqal	RRegularly	1	1-abs abs[1].V (79) Mizo qoqona gey. mizo ground.ABS qoqo-na dry-CVB gey be.PRS ‘The ground is dry.’ ★	1-abs abs[1].V'antip (297) Kid fenlid müč’lid qoqoldas. kid girl fen-li-d hair.drier-OBL-INSTR müč’-li-d hair-OBL-INSTR qoqo-l-da-s be.dry-CAUS-ANTIP-PSR ‘The girl is busy drying her hair with the hair-drier.’ ★	1	true
DIG	yäxäl	MMarginally	2	1-erg 2-abs abs[2].V (80) Öždi mäče bäxčä. öždi boy.ERG mäče ground(III).ABS b-äx-čä III-dig-PRS ‘The boy digs the ground.’ ★
BE A HUNTER	no verbal counterpart	NNever	0	N/A
GET	yiqal	NNever	3	1-lat 2-possabl 3-abs abs[3].V (82) Öždil kibbaqas t'ek yiqoyo. öždi-l boy.OBL-LAT kibba-qa-s girl.OBL-POSS-ABL t'ek book(IV).ABS y-iqo-yo IV-get-PST ‘The boy got the book from the girl.’ ★
PUSH	zistuqlal	RRegularly	2	1-erg 2-abs abs[2].V (90) Öždi ƛ'alo zistuqilca. öždi boy.ERG ƛ'alo stone(IV).ABS zistuqil-ca push(IV)-PRS ‘The boy pushes the stone.’ ★	1-abs 2-instr abs[1].V'antip (294) Kid öždid zistuqildas. kid girl(II) öždi-d boy.OBL-INSTR zistuqil-da-s push(II)-ANTIP-PRS ‘The girl is busy pushing the boy.’ ★	2	true
GRIND	haʔal	RRegularly	2	1-erg 2-abs abs[2].V (106) Öždi qibo haʔos haboƛ'a. öždi boy.ERG qibo wheat.ABS haʔo-s grind-PRS habo-ƛ'a mill-SUP ‘The boy grinds the wheat on the mill.’ ★	1-abs 2-instr abs[1].V'antip (172) Öžö qibad haʔolas haboƛ'a. öžö boy(I).ABS qiba-d wheat.OBL-INSTR haʔo-la-s grind-ANTIP-PRS habo-ƛ'a mill-SUP ‘The boy grinds the wheat on the mill.’ ★	2	true
TALK	yiq'lašal	NNever	2	1-abs 2-poss abs[1].V (266) Kid aboqa yiq'lašeš. kid girl(II).ABS abo-qa father-POSS y-iq'laše-š II-talk-PRS ‘The girl talks to her father.’ ★
RUN	č'änaɣal	NNever	1	1-erg V (119) Öždi yiƛa č'anaɣoš. öždi boy.ERG yiƛa fast č'anaɣo-š run-PRS ‘The boy runs fast.’ ★

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.