ngematiang

Coding frame

1 V 2 aji+3

Complex Verb form

Examples

(26)

Anake muani ento ngematiang musuhne aji keris.

anak=e

person=DEF

muani

male

ento

that

ngematiang

kill

musuh=ne

enemy=3POSS

aji

with

keris

kris

‘The man killed his enemy with a 'kris'.’

★

(83)

Ketut ngematiang lelipine ento.

Ketut

ngemati-ang

die-CAUS

lelipi=ne

snake=DEF

ento

that

‘Ketut killed the snake.’

★

(219)

Tiang ngematiang lelipine ento.

tiang

ngemati-ang

die-CAUS

lelipi-ne

snake-DEF

ento

that

‘I killed the snake.’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	KILL	Coding set	Argument type
1	killer	Ø	A
2	killee	Ø	P
3	killing instrument	aji+NP	I

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Comment	Coded?	Examples
C Passive -a alternation	RRegularly		y	(129) Musuhne matianga aji keris teken anake muani ento. ‘The enemy was killed with 'kris' by the man.’ ★
C Passive ka- alternation	RRegularly		y	(174) Musuhne kamatiang aji keris teken anake muani ento. ‘The enemy was killed with 'kris' by the man.’ ★
C Resultative ma- alternation	NNever		y
C Causative with instrument causee more info	NNever		y
C Causative with Theme causee more info	NNever	it is already a causative construction	y
C Locative alternation (oblique to object) more info	NNever		y
C Locative alternation (argument rearanging) more info	NNever		y
C Locative alternation (argument adding)	NNever		y

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

ngematiang

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples