nakutin

Coding frame

1 V 2

Complex Verb form

Examples

(6)

Anakemuani ento nakutin beruange ento.

anak=e

person=DEF

muani

male

ento

that

nakutin

fear

beruang=e

bear=DEF

ento

that

‘The man feared the bear.’

★

(7)

Beruange ento nakutin anake muani ento.

beruang=e

bear=DEF

ento

that

nakutin

frighten

anak=e

person=DEF

muani

male

ento

that

‘The bear frightened the man.’

★

Verb meanings , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	FEAR	FRIGHTEN	Coding set	Argument type
1	fearer	frightener	Ø	A
2	fear stimulus	frightenee	Ø	P

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Comment	Coded?	Examples
C Passive -a alternation	RRegularly		y	(110) Beruange ento takutina teken anake muani ento. ‘The bear was feared by the man.’ ★ (111) Anake muani ento takutina teken beruange ento. ‘The man was feared by the bear.’ ★
C Passive ka- alternation	RRegularly		y	(155) Beruange ento katakutin teken anake muani ento. ‘The bear was feared by the man.’ ★ (156) Anake muani ento katakutin teken beruange ento. ‘The man was feared by the bear.’ ★
C Resultative ma- alternation	NNever		y
C Causative with instrument causee more info	NNever	it is already a causative construction	y
C Causative with Theme causee more info	NNever	it is already a causative construction	y
C Locative alternation (oblique to object) more info	NNever		y
C Locative alternation (argument rearanging) more info	NNever		y
C Locative alternation (argument adding)	NNever		y

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

nakutin

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples