ǧāʾa (جاء)

Coding frame

V.subj[1] 1-nom ʾilâ+2

Example

(248)

Ǧāʾa lwaladu ʾilâ lbinti.

ǧāʾa

come.PRF.3SG.M

l-walad-u

ART-boy.M-NOM

ʾilâ

l-bint-i

ART-girl.F-GEN

‘The boy came to the girl.’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	COME (2)	Coding set	Argument type
1	coming person/thing	V.subj NP-nom	S
2	come goal	ʾilâ+NP	X

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Coded?	Examples
C Stem VIII Reflexive more info	NNever	y
C Stem IV Causative more info	NNever	y
U Locative Alternation 1 more info	NNever	n
C Stem VI Reciprocal more info	NNever	y
C Stem VI Reflexive more info	NNever	y
U Prepositional (min 'from') / Accusative Object Alternation more info	NNever	n
C Stem II Causative more info	NNever	y
C Stem V Anticausative more info	NNever	y
C Stem V Reflexive more info	NNever	y
C Stem VI Passive more info	NNever	y
C Stem VII Passive more info	NNever	y
C Stem VIII Reciprocal more info	NNever	y
U Theme / Recipient Alternation - Prepositional (li+ 'to') / Accusative Object more info	NNever	n
U Locative Alternation 2 more info	NNever	n
C Stem X Causative more info	NNever	y
U Prepositional (bi+) / Accusative object Alternation more info	NNever	n
C Stem VII Anticausative more info	NNever	y
C Stem VIII Anticausative more info	NNever	y
U Locative Alternation 3 more info	NNever	n
U Goal Alternation - Prepositional (ʾilâ+ 'to') / Accusative Object more info	RRegularly	n	(249) Ǧāʾa lwaladu lbayta. ‘The boy came to the house.’ ★
U Object Omission Alternation more info	NNever	n
U Theme / Source Alternation - Prepositional (min+ 'from') Accusative Object more info	NNever	n
C Caused Motion Alternation more info	RRegularly	y	(247) Ǧāʾa lwaladu bilkitābi ʾilâ lbinti. ‘The boy brought the book to the girl.’ ★ (255) Ǧāʾa lwaladu bi-māʾin ʾilâ ʾaḫīhi. ‘The boy brought his brother water. /lit. The boy came with water to his brother.’ ★
U Object Adding Alternation more info	NNever	n

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

ǧāʾa (جاء)

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Example × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Example