ʾarâ (أرى)

Coding frame

V.subj[1] 1-nom (li+2) 3-acc

Complex Verb form

Examples

(88)

ʾArat albintu lkitāba lilmuʿallimi.

ʾarat

see.IV.CAUS.PRF.3SG.F

al-bint-u

ART-girl.F-NOM

l-kitāb-a

ART-book.M-ACC

li-l-muʿallim-i

for-ART-teacher.M-GEN

‘The girl showed the book to the teacher.’

★

(26)

Limād̠ā lā taḫruǧu waturīnī nafsaka?

li-mād̠ā

for-what

lā

NEG

taḫruǧu

go.out.IPFV.2SG.M

wa-turī-nī

and-see.IV.CAUS.IPFV.2SG.M-1SG

nafs-a-ka

self-ACC-2SG.M

‘Why don't you go out and show me yourself?’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	SHOW	Coding set	Argument type
1	shower	V.subj NP-nom	A
2	showing addressee	li+NP	X
3	shown thing	NP-acc	P

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

Filter by type:

Filter by occurrence:

Clear filters

Alternation name	Occurs	Comment	Coded?	Examples
C Stem VIII Reflexive more info	NNever		y
C Stem IV Causative more info	NNever		y
U Locative Alternation 1 more info	NNever		n
C Stem VI Reciprocal more info	NNever		y
C Stem VI Reflexive more info	MMarginally	derivation takes place from stem IV 'to show'	y	(28) Tarāʾâ linnāsi fariḥan. ‘He showed himself happy for the people./ He pretended to be happy to the people.’ ★
U Prepositional (min 'from') / Accusative Object Alternation more info	NNever		n
C Stem II Causative more info	NNever		y
C Stem V Anticausative more info	NNever		y
C Stem V Reflexive more info	–No data		y
C Stem VI Passive more info	–No data		y
C Stem VII Passive more info	NNever		y
C Stem VIII Reciprocal more info	NNever		y
U Theme / Recipient Alternation - Prepositional (li+ 'to') / Accusative Object more info	RRegularly		n	(206) ʾArâ lmuʿallimu lʾaṭfāla lkitāba. ‘The teacher showed the book to the children.’ ★
U Locative Alternation 2 more info	NNever		n
C Stem X Causative more info	NNever		y
U Prepositional (bi+) / Accusative object Alternation more info	NNever		n
C Stem VII Anticausative more info	NNever		y
C Stem VIII Anticausative more info	NNever		y
U Locative Alternation 3 more info	NNever		n
U Goal Alternation - Prepositional (ʾilâ+ 'to') / Accusative Object more info	NNever		n
U Object Omission Alternation more info	NNever		n
U Theme / Source Alternation - Prepositional (min+ 'from') Accusative Object more info	NNever		n
C Caused Motion Alternation more info	NNever		y
U Object Adding Alternation more info	NNever		n

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

ʾarâ (أرى)

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples