qatala (قتل)

Coding frame

V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc (bi+3)

Examples

(11)

Qatala lwaladu lḥayyata bi-lʿaṣâi.

qatala

kill.PRF.3SG.M

l-walad-u

ART-boy.M-NOM

l-ḥayyat-a

ART-snake.F-ACC

bi-l-ʿaṣâ-i

with-ART-stick.F-GEN

‘The boy killed the snake with the stick.’

★

(68)

Qattala lmaliku šaʿabahu.

qattala

kill.II.INT.PRF.3SG.M

l-malik-u

ART-king.M-NOM

šaʿab-a-hu

people.M-ACC-3SG.M

‘The king slaughtered his people.’

★

(69)

Qātala ʾaʿdāʾahu.

qātala

kill.III.REP.PRF.3SG.M

ʾaʿdāʾ-a-hu

rival.M.PL-ACC-3SG.M

‘He fought against his rivals.’

★

(70)

Taqātala maʿa ʾaʿdāʾihi.

taqātala

kill.VI.RECP.PRF.3SG.M

maʿa

with

ʾaʿdāʾ-i-hi

rival.M.PL-GEN-3SG.M

‘He fought his rivals (and they fought him).’

★

(212)

Taqātala lǧunūdu.

taqātala

kill.VI.RECP.PRF.3SG.M

l-ǧunūd-u

ART-soldier.M.PL-NOM

‘The soldiers fought each other.’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	KILL	Coding set	Argument type
1	killer	V.subj NP-nom	A
2	killee	NP-acc	P
3	killing instrument	bi+NP	I

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Comment	Coded?	Examples
C Stem IV Causative more info	NNever		y
C Stem VIII Reflexive more info	NNever		y
U Locative Alternation 1 more info	NNever		n
C Stem VI Reciprocal more info	NNever	derivation takes place from the stem III verb with similar meaning 'fight with' <NOM ACC> (exs. 70 and 212)	y
C Stem VI Reflexive more info	NNever		y
U Prepositional (min 'from') / Accusative Object Alternation more info	NNever		n
C Stem II Causative more info	NNever		y
C Stem V Anticausative more info	NNever		y
C Stem V Reflexive more info	NNever		y
C Stem VI Passive more info	NNever		y
C Stem VII Passive more info	NNever		y
C Stem VIII Reciprocal more info	RRegularly		y	(71) Iqtatala maʿa ʾaʿdāʾihi. ‘He fought/killed his rivals (and they fought him). / He fought with his rivals.’ ★
U Theme / Recipient Alternation - Prepositional (li+ 'to') / Accusative Object more info	NNever		n
U Locative Alternation 2 more info	NNever		n
C Stem X Causative more info	NNever		y
U Prepositional (bi+) / Accusative object Alternation more info	NNever		n
C Stem VII Anticausative more info	NNever		y
C Stem VIII Anticausative more info	NNever		y
U Locative Alternation 3 more info	NNever		n
U Goal Alternation - Prepositional (ʾilâ+ 'to') / Accusative Object more info	NNever		n
U Object Omission Alternation more info	NNever		n
U Theme / Source Alternation - Prepositional (min+ 'from') Accusative Object more info	NNever		n
C Caused Motion Alternation more info	NNever		y
U Object Adding Alternation more info	NNever		n

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

qatala (قتل)

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples