raʾâ (رأى)

Coding frame

V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc

Example

(9)

Raʾâ rraǧulu ṭṭifla.

raʾâ

see.PRF.3SG.M

r-raǧul-u

ART-man.M-NOM

ṭ-ṭifl-a

ART-child.M-ACC

‘The man saw the child.’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	SEE	Coding set	Argument type
1	seeer	V.subj NP-nom	A
2	seen entity	NP-acc	P

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Comment	Coded?	Examples
U Locative Alternation 1 more info	NNever		n
C Stem VIII Reflexive more info	NNever		y
C Stem IV Causative more info	RRegularly	The verb ʾarâ 'show' is the causative of raʾā 'see'	y	(26) Limād̠ā lā taḫruǧu waturīnī nafsaka? ‘Why don't you go out and show me yourself?’ ★ (88) ʾArat albintu lkitāba lilmuʿallimi. ‘The girl showed the book to the teacher.’ ★
C Stem VI Reciprocal more info	RRegularly	derivation takes place from stem I 'see'	y	(27) Tarāʾâ lwaladāni. ‘The two boys saw each other. / The two boys met each other.’ ★
C Stem VI Reflexive more info	NNever		y
U Prepositional (min 'from') / Accusative Object Alternation more info	NNever		n
C Stem II Causative more info	NNever		y
C Stem V Anticausative more info	NNever		y
C Stem V Reflexive more info	–No data		y
C Stem VI Passive more info	–No data		y
C Stem VII Passive more info	NNever		y
C Stem VIII Reciprocal more info	NNever		y
U Theme / Recipient Alternation - Prepositional (li+ 'to') / Accusative Object more info	NNever		n
U Locative Alternation 2 more info	NNever		n
C Stem X Causative more info	NNever		y
U Prepositional (bi+) / Accusative object Alternation more info	NNever		n
C Stem VII Anticausative more info	NNever		y
C Stem VIII Anticausative more info	NNever		y
U Locative Alternation 3 more info	NNever		n
U Goal Alternation - Prepositional (ʾilâ+ 'to') / Accusative Object more info	NNever		n
U Object Omission Alternation more info	NNever		n
U Theme / Source Alternation - Prepositional (min+ 'from') Accusative Object more info	NNever		n
C Caused Motion Alternation more info	NNever		y
U Object Adding Alternation more info	NNever		n

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

raʾâ (رأى)

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Example × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Example