Prepositional (bi+) / Accusative object Alternation U

Description

With verbs that undergo this alternation, two constructions are possible: one with an object of preposition:
V.subj[1] 1-nom bi+2
and one with a direct object:
V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc
This alternation is possible with verbs of recognition and experience (know, hear, comprehend). For the semantic difference of this alternations see examples 4 and 210, 177 and 209, 207 and 208.

Alternation occurs:

Only

for Derived CF

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Participants in Basic CF:

Verb meaning	Verb form	Occurs	arg_count	Basic Coding frame
KNOW	ʿarifa	RRegularly	2	V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc (4) ʿArifa lwaladu lbinta. ʿarifa know.PRF.3SG.M l-walad-u ART-boy.M-NOM l-bint-a ART-girl.F-ACC ‘The boy knew the girl.’ ★
FILL	malaʾa	NNever	3	V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc (bi+3) (1) Malaʾa rraǧulu lkaʾsa bimāʾin. malaʾa fill.PRF.3SG.M r-raǧul-u ART-man.M-NOM l-kaʾs-a ART-glass.F-ACC bi-māʾ-in with-water.M-GEN.IDEF ‘The man filled the glass with water.’ ★
FEAR	ḫāfa	NNever	2	V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc (6) ʾAlā taḫāfu lmauta mit̠lanā? ʾa-lā Q-NEG taḫāfu fear.IPFV.2SG.M l-maut-a ART-death.M-ACC mit̠la-nā like-1PL ‘And you aren't afraid of death like us?’ ★
EAT	ʾakala	NNever	2	V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc (7) ʾAkala lwaladu ttuffāḥata. ʾakala eat.PRF.3SG.M l-walad-u ART-boy.M-NOM t-tuffāḥat-a ART-apple.F-ACC ‘The boy ate the apple.’ ★
LOOK AT	naẓara	NNever	2	V.subj[1] 1-nom ʾilâ+2 (8) Naẓara lwaladu ʾilâ rraǧuli. naẓara look.at.PRF.3SG.M l-walad-u ART-boy.M-NOM ʾilâ to r-raǧul-i ART-man.M-GEN ‘The boy looked at the man.’ ★
SEE	raʾâ	NNever	2	V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc (9) Raʾâ rraǧulu ṭṭifla. raʾâ see.PRF.3SG.M r-raǧul-u ART-man.M-NOM ṭ-ṭifl-a ART-child.M-ACC ‘The man saw the child.’ ★
SEARCH FOR	baḥat̠a	NNever	2	V.subj[1] 1-nom ʿan+2 (10) Baḥat̠a rraǧulu ʿan alwaladi. baḥat̠a search.PRF.3SG.M r-raǧul-u ART-man.M-NOM ʿan about al-walad-i ART-boy.M-GEN ‘The man searched for the boy.’ ★
KILL	qatala	NNever	3	V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc (bi+3) (11) Qatala lwaladu lḥayyata bi-lʿaṣâi. qatala kill.PRF.3SG.M l-walad-u ART-boy.M-NOM l-ḥayyat-a ART-snake.F-ACC bi-l-ʿaṣâ-i with-ART-stick.F-GEN ‘The boy killed the snake with the stick.’ ★
SAY	qāla	NNever	3	V.subj[1] 1-nom li+2 UTT3 (12) Qāla rraǧulu liṣadīqihi: "marʾatī fī lbayti". qāla say.PRF.3SG.M r-raǧul-u ART-man.M-NOM li-ṣadīq-i-hi for-friend.M-GEN-3SG.M marʾat-ī woman.F-1SG.NOM fī in l-bayt-i ART-house.M-GEN ‘The man said to his friend: "my wife is at home".’ ★
WASH	ġasala	NNever	2	V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc (13) Ġasalat albintu ṭṭifla. ġasalat wash.PRF.3SG.F al-bint-u ART-girl.F-NOM ṭ-ṭifl-a ART-child.M-ACC ‘The girl washed the child.’ ★
MEET	laqiya	NNever	2	V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc (14) Hal laqiyat ʾummuka ṣadīqatahā? hal Q laqiyat meet.PRF.3SG.F ʾumm-u-ka mother.F-NOM-2SG.M ṣadīqat-a-hā friend.F-ACC-3SG.F ‘Did your mother meet her friend?’ ★
TELL	ḥakâ	NNever	3	V.subj[1] 1-nom (li+2) 3-acc (15) Ḥakâ lwaladu lilbinti ḥikāyatan. ḥakâ tell.PRF.3SG.M l-walad-u ART-boy.M-NOM li-l-bint-i for-ART-girl.F-GEN ḥikāyat-an story.F-ACC.IDEF ‘The boy told the girl a story.’ ★
DIE	māta	NNever	1	V.subj[1] 1-nom (17) Māta rraǧulu fī mustašfâ. māta die.PRF.3SG.M r-raǧul-u ART-man.M-NOM fī in mustašfâ hospital.M.GEN.IDEF ‘The man died in a hospital.’ ★
ASK FOR	saʾala	NNever	3	V.subj[1] 1-nom (2-acc) 3-acc (18) Saʾala lwaladu ʾaṣdiqāʾahu nuqūdan. saʾala ask.PRF.3SG.M l-walad-u ART-boy.M-NOM ʾaṣdiqāʾ-a-hu friend.M.PL-ACC-3SG.M nuqūd-an money.F-ACC.IDEF ‘The boy asked his friends for money.’ ★
SCREAM	ṣāḥa	NNever	2	V.subj[1] 1-nom (ʿalâ+2) (19) Ṣāḥat alʾummu ʿalâ ʾaṭfālihā. ṣāḥat shout.PRF.3SG.F al-ʾumm-u ART-mother.F-NOM ʿalâ on ʾaṭfāl-i-hā child.M.PL-GEN-3SG.F ‘The mother shouted at her children.’ ★
BUILD	banâ	NNever	3	V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc (min+3) (20) Banâ ʾabī baytan min alḫašabi. banâ build.PRF.3SG.M ʾab-ī father.M-1SG.NOM bayt-an house.M-ACC.IDEF min from al-ḫašab-i ART-wood.M-GEN ‘My father built a house out of (the) wood.’ ★
HUG	ʿānaqa	NNever	2	V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc (23) ʿĀnaqat lʾummu ṭiflahā. ʿānaqat hug.PRF.3SG.F al-ʾumm-u ART-mother.F-NOM ṭifl-a-hā child.M-ACC-3SG.F ‘The mother hugged her child.’ ★
SMELL	šamma	NNever	2	V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc (29) Inzalaqa raʾsī ʿalâ katifihā wašamamtu rāʾihata ssutrati ṣṣūfīyati lbayḍāʾ. inzalaqa slip.PRF.3SG.M raʾs-ī head.M-1SG.NOM ʿalâ on katif-i-hā shoulder.M-GEN-3SG.F wa-šamamtu and-smell.PRF.1SG rāʾihat-a smell.F-ACC s-sutrat-i ART-jacket.F-GEN ṣ-ṣūfīy-at-i ART-wool-F-GEN l-bayḍāʾ ART-white.F.GEN ‘My head slipped on her shoulder and I smelled the white woollen jacket.’ ★
FRIGHTEN	ʾaḫāfa	NNever	2	V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc (32) ʾaḫāfat albintu ṭṭifla. ʾaḫāfat fear.IV.CAUS.PRF.3SG.F al-bint-u ART-girl.F-NOM ṭ-ṭifl-a ART-child.M-ACC ‘The girl frightened the child.’ ★
LIKE	ʾaḥabba	NNever	2	V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc (33) Yuḥibbu lwaladu luʿbatahu lǧadīdata. yuḥibbu like.IV.PRF.3SG.M l-walad-u ART-boy.M-NOM luʿbat-a-hu play.F-ACC-3SG.M l-ǧadīd-at-a ART-new-F-ACC ‘The boy likes his new toy.’ ★
THINK	fakkara	NNever	2	V.subj[1] 1-nom fī+2 (38) Fakkarat alʾummu fī ʾaṭfālihā. fakkara think.II.PRF.3SG.F al-ʾumm-u ART-mother.F-NOM fī in ʾaṭfāl-i-hā child.M.PL-GEN-3SG.F ‘The mother thought about her children.’ ★
DRESS	ʾalbasa	NNever	2	V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc (39) ʾalbasat albintu ṭṭifla. ʾalbasat dress.IV.CAUS.PRF.3SG.F al-bint-u ART-girl.F-NOM ṭ-ṭifl-a ART-child.M-ACC ‘The girl dressed the child.’ ★
SHAVE (a body part/person)	ḥalaqa	NNever	2	V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc (48) Ḥalaqa rraǧulu liḥyatahu. ḥalaqa shave.PRF.3SG.M r-raǧul-u ART-man.M-NOM liḥyat-a-hu beard.F-ACC-3SG.M ‘The man shaved his beard.’ ★
HELP	sāʿada	NNever	2	V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc (49) Sāʿada rraǧulu ʾibnahu fī ʿamalihi. sāʿada help.III.PRF.3SG.M r-raǧul-u ART-man.M-NOM ʾibn-a-hu son.M-ACC-3SG.M fī in ʿamal-i-hi work.M-GEN-3SG.M ‘The man helped his son with his work.’ ★
FOLLOW	tabiʿa	NNever	2	V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc (50) Tabiʿa rraǧulu lbinta. tabiʿa follow.PRF.3SG.M r-raǧul-u ART-man.M-NOM l-bint-a ART-girl.F-ACC ‘The man followed the girl.’ ★
TALK	takallama	NNever	3	V.subj[1] 1-nom maʿa+2 ʿan+3 (53) Takallama rraǧulu maʿa lwaladi ʿan albinti. takallama speak.V.PRF.3SG.M r-raǧul-u ART-man.M-NOM maʿa with l-walad-i ART-boy.M-GEN ʿan about al-bint-i ART-girl.F-GEN ‘The man talked to the boy about the girl.’ ★
NAME	sammâ	NNever	3	V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc 3-acc (58) Sammat alʾummu ṭiflahā muḥammadan. sammat name.II.PRF.3SG.F al-ʾumm-u ART-mother.F-NOM ṭifl-a-hā child.M-ACC-3SG.F muḥammad-an Muhammad-ACC.IDEF ‘The mother named her child Muhammad.’ ★
BREAK	kasara	NNever	3	V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc (bi+3) (61) Kasara lwaladu nnāfid̠ata bilḥaǧari. kasara break.PRF.3SG.M l-walad-u ART-boy.M-NOM n-nāfid̠at-a ART-window.F-ACC bi-l-ḥaǧar-i with-ART-stone.M-GEN ‘The boy broke the window with the stone.’ ★
BEAT	ḍaraba	NNever	3	V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc (bi+3) (72) Ḍaraba lwaladu lḥayyata bilʿaṣâi. ḍaraba beat.PRF.3SG.M l-walad-u ART-boy.M-NOM l-ḥayyat-a ART-snake.F-ACC bi-l-ʿaṣâ-i with-ART-stick.F-GEN ‘The boy beat the snake with the stick .’ ★
HIT	laṭama	NNever	3	V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc (bi+3) (74) Laṭama lwaladu lbinta biyadihi ʿalâ waǧhihā. laṭama hit.PRF.3SG.M l-walad-u ART-boy.M-NOM l-bint-a ART-girl.F-ACC bi-yad-i-hi with-hand.F-GEN-3SG.M ʿalâ on waǧh-i-hā face.M-GEN-3SG.F ‘The boy hit the girl with his hand on her face.’ ★
TOUCH	lamasa	NNever	3	V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc (bi+3) (77) Lamasa lwaladu lḥayyata bilʿaṣâi. lamasa touch.PRF.3SG.M l-walad-u ART-boy.M-NOM l-ḥayyat-a ART-snake.F-ACC bi-l-ʿaṣâ-i with-ART-stick.F-GEN ‘The boy touched the snake with the stick.’ ★
CUT	qaṭaʿa	NNever	3	V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc (bi+3) (80) Qaṭaʿa lwaladu lḫubza bissikkīni. qaṭaʿa cut.PRF.3SG.M l-walad-u ART-boy.M-NOM l-ḫubz-a ART-bread.M-ACC bi-s-sikkīn-i with-ART-knife.M-GEN ‘The boy cut the bread with the knife.’ ★
TAKE	ʾaḫad̠a	NNever	3	V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc (min+3) (194) ʾaḫad̠a lwaladu lkitāba min ṣadīqihi. ʾaḫad̠a take.PRF.3SG.M l-walad-u ART-boy.M-NOM l-kitāb-a ART-book.M-ACC min from ṣadīq-i-hi friend.M-GEN-3SG.M ‘The boy took the book from his friend.’ ★
TEAR	nazaʿa	NNever	3	V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc (min+3) (84) Nazaʿat albintu ṣṣafḥata min alkitābi. nazaʿat tear.PRF.3SG.F al-bint-u ART-girl.F-NOM ṣ-ṣafḥat-a ART-page.F-ACC min from al-kitāb-i ART-book.M-GEN ‘The girl tore the page from the book.’ ★
PEEL	qaššara	NNever	2	V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc (196) Qaššara lwaladu lburtuqālata. qaššara peel.II.PRF.3SG.M l-walad-u ART-boy.M-NOM l-burtuqālat-a ART-orange.F-ACC ‘The boy was peeling the orange.’ ★
HIDE	ʾaḫfâ	NNever	3	V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc ʿalâ+3 (85) ʾAḫfat albintu lkitāba ʿalâ lmuʿallimi. ʾaḫfat hide.IV.CAUS.PRF.3SG.F al-bint-u ART-girl.F-NOM l-kitāb-a ART-book.M-ACC ʿalâ on l-muʿallim-i ART-teacher.M-GEN ‘The girl hid the book from the teacher.’ ★
SHOW	ʾarâ	NNever	3	V.subj[1] 1-nom (li+2) 3-acc (88) ʾArat albintu lkitāba lilmuʿallimi. ʾarat see.IV.CAUS.PRF.3SG.F al-bint-u ART-girl.F-NOM l-kitāb-a ART-book.M-ACC li-l-muʿallim-i for-ART-teacher.M-GEN ‘The girl showed the book to the teacher.’ ★
GIVE	ʾaʿṭâ	NNever	3	V.subj[1] 1-nom (li+2) 3-acc (86) ʾAʿṭat albintu lkitāba lilmuʿallimi. ʾaʿṭat give.PRF.3SG.F al-bint-u ART-girl.F-NOM l-kitāb-a ART-book.M-ACC li-l-muʿallim-i for-ART-teacher.M-GEN ‘The girl gave the book to the teacher.’ ★
SEND	ʾarsala	NNever	3	V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc (ʾilâ+3) (89) ʾArsalat albintu lkitāba ʾilâ lmuʿallimi. ʾarsala.t send.IV.PRF.3SG.F al-bint-u ART-girl.F-NOM l-kitāb-a ART-book.M-ACC ʾilâ to l-muʿallim-i ART-teacher.M-GEN ‘The girl sent the book to the teacher.’ ★
CARRY	ḥamala	NNever	3	V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc (ʾilâ+3) (91) Ḥamala ʾabī ʾamtiʿātī ʾilâ ssayyārati. ḥamala carry.PRF.3SG.M ʾab-ī father.M-1SG.NOM ʾamtiʿāt-ī luggage.F.PL-1SG.ACC ʾilâ to s-sayyārat-i ART-car.F-GEN ‘My father carried my luggage to the car.’ ★
LOAD	ḥammala	NNever	3	V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc ʿalâ+3 (92) Ḥammala rraǧulu lqišša ʿalâ lǧamali. ḥammala carry.II.CAUS.PRF.3SG.M r-raǧul-u ART-man.M-NOM l-qišš-a ART-hay.M-ACC ʿalâ on l-ǧamal-i ART-camel.M-GEN ‘The man loaded the hay on the camel.’ ★
LOAD	šaḥana	NNever	3	V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc (bi+3) (95) Šaḥana rraǧulu lʿarabata bilqišši. šaḥana load.PRF.3SG.M r-raǧul-u ART-man.M-NOM l-ʿarabat-a ART-truck.F-ACC bi-l-qišš-i with-ART-hay.M-GEN ‘The man loaded the truck with hay.’ ★
THROW	ramâ	NNever	3	V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc LOC3 (99) Ramâ lwaladu ḥaǧaran ʿalâ nnāfid̠ati. ramā throw.PRF.3SG.M l-walad-u ART-boy.M-NOM ḥaǧar-an stone.M-ACC.IDEF ʿalâ on n-nāfid̠at-i ART-window.F-GEN ‘The boy threw a stone into the window.’ ★
TIE	rabaṭa	NNever	4	V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc (ʾilâ+3) (bi+4) (103) Rabaṭa rraǧulu lḥisāna ʾilâ ššaǧarati biḥablin. rabaṭa tie.PRF.3SG.M r-raǧul-u ART-man.M-NOM l-ḥisān-a ART-horse.M-ACC ʾilâ to š-šaǧarat-i ART-tree.F-GEN bi-ḥabl-in with-rope.M-GEN.IDEF ‘The man tied the horse to the tree with a rope.’ ★
PUT	waḍaʿa	NNever	3	V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc LOC3 (106) Waḍaʿa rraǧulu lkitāba ʿalā ṭṭāwilati. waḍaʿa put.PRF.3SG.M r-raǧul-u ART-man.M-NOM l-kitāb-a ART-book.M-ACC ʿalâ on ṭ-ṭāwilat-i ART-table.F-GEN ‘The man put the book on the table.’ ★
POUR	ṣabba	NNever	3	V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc LOC3 (107) Ṣabba rraǧulu māʾan fī lkaʾsi. ṣabba pour.PRF.3SG.M r-raǧul-u ART-man.M-NOM māʾ-an water.M-ACC.IDEF fī in l-kaʾs-i ART-glass.F-GEN ‘The man poured water into the glass.’ ★
COVER	ġaṭṭā	NNever	3	V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc (bi+3) (110) Ġaṭṭā rraǧulu ṭṭifla bilġiṭāʾi. ġaṭṭā cover.II.PRF.3SG.M r-raǧul-u ART-man.M-NOM ṭ-ṭifl-a ART-child.M-ACC bi-l-ġiṭāʾ-i with-ART-blanket.M-GEN ‘The man covered the child with the blanket.’ ★
BLINK	ramaša	NNever	1	V.subj[1] 1-nom (112) Ramašat albintu. ramašat blink.PRF.3SG.F al-bint-u ART-girl.F-NOM ‘The girl blinked.’ ★
COUGH	saʿala	NNever	1	V.subj[1] 1-nom (113) Saʿala rraǧulu. saʿala cough.PRF.3SG.M r-raǧul-u ART-man.M-NOM ‘The man coughed.’ ★
CLIMB	tasallaqa	NNever	2	V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc (114) Tasallaqa lwaladu ššaǧarata. tasallaqa climb.V.PRF.3SG.M l-walad-u ART-boy.M-NOM š-šaǧarat-a ART-tree.F-ACC ‘The boy climbed up the tree.’ ★
RUN	ǧarâ	NNever	1	V.subj[1] 1-nom (115) Ǧarâ lwaladu lḫāʾifu ʾilâ lbayti. ǧarâ run.PRF.3SG.M l-walad-u ART-boy.M-NOM l-ḫāʾif-u ART-frightened.M-NOM ʾilâ to l-bayt-i ART-house.M-GEN ‘The frightened boy ran into the house.’ ★
SIT	ǧalasa	NNever	2	V.subj[1] 1-nom (LOC2) (118) Ǧalasa fī maqhâ maʿa ṣadīqihi. ǧalasa sit.PRF.3SG.M fī in maqhâ cafeteria.M.GEN.IDEF maʿa with ṣadīq-i-hi friend.M-GEN-3SG.M ‘He sat (down) in a cafe with his friend.’ ★
JUMP	qafaza	NNever	1	V.subj[1] 1-nom (120) Qafaza ṭṭiflu min aššaǧarati ʿalâ lʾarḍi. qafaza jump.PRF.3SG.M ṭ-ṭifl-u ART-child.M-NOM min from aš-šaǧarat-i ART-tree.F-GEN ʿalâ on l-ʾarḍ-i ART-ground.F-GEN ‘The child jumped from the tree to the ground.’ ★
SING	ġannâ	NNever	1	V.subj[1] 1-nom (121) Ġannat alʾummu. ġannat sing.II.PRF.3SG.F al-ʾumm-u ART-mother.F-NOM ‘The mother sang.’ ★
GO	d̠ahaba	NNever	2	V.subj[1] 1-nom ʾilâ+2 (123) D̠ahaba lwaladu ʾilâ ssūqi. d̠ahaba go.PRF.3SG.M l-walad-u ART-boy.M-NOM ʾilâ to s-sūq-i ART-market.M-GEN ‘The boy went to the market.’ ★
LEAVE	ġādara (1)	NNever	2	V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc (125) Ġādara lwaladu lbayta. ġādara leave.III.PRF.3SG.M l-walad-u ART-boy.M-NOM l-bayt-a ART-house.M-ACC ‘The boy left the house.’ ★
LIVE	ʿāša	NNever	2	V.subj[1] 1-nom fī+2 (127) ʿāšat ṣadīqatī fī lqāhira sanatan. ʿāšat live.PRF.3SG.F ṣadīqat-ī friend.F-1SG.NOM fī in l-qāhirat-i ART-Qairo.F-GEN sanat-an year.F-ACC.IDEF ‘My girlfriend lived in Qairo for a year.’ ★
LAUGH	ḍaḥika	NNever	1	V.subj[1] 1-nom (130) Ḍaḥika ṭṭiflu ʿalayka. ḍaḥika laugh.PRF.3SG.M ṭ-ṭifl-u ART-child.M-NOM ʿalay-ka on-2SG.M ‘The child laughed about you.’ ★
BE HUNGRY	ǧāʾiʿun	NNever	1	V 1-nom (151) ʾAnā ǧāʾiʿun. ʾanā 1SG ǧāʾiʿ-un hungry-NOM.IDEF ‘I'm hungry.’ ★ (231) Alwaladu ǧāʾiʿun. al-walad-u ART-boy.M-NOM ǧāʾiʿ-un hungry-NOM.IDEF ‘The boy is hungry.’ ★
SCREAM	ṣaraḫa	NNever	1	V.subj[1] 1-nom (136) Ṣaraḫat albintu min alḫawfi. ṣaraḫat scream.PRF.3SG.F al-bint-u ART-girl.F-NOM min from al-ḫawf-i ART-fear.M-GEN ‘The girl cried because of fear.’ ★
FEEL PAIN	taʾallama	NNever	2	V.subj[1] 1-nom min+2 (141) Yataʾallamu min yadihi. yataʾallamu hurt.V.ACAUS.IPFV.3SG.M min from yad-i-hi hand.F-GEN-3SG.M ‘He feels pain in his hand (= his hand hurts).’ ★
RAIN	ʾamṭarat	NNever	1	V.subj[1] 1-nom (138) ʾAmṭarat assamāʾu. ʾamṭarat rain.IV.PRF.3SG.F as-samāʾ-u ART-sky.F-NOM ‘It rained (lit. The sky rained.).’ ★
BOIL	ġalâ	NNever	1	V.subj[1] 1-nom (139) Yaġlī almāʾu. yaġlī boil.IPFV.3SG.M al-māʾ-u ART-water.M-NOM ‘The water boils.’ ★
FEEL COLD	šaʿara bilbardi	NNever	1	V.subj[1] 1-nom (144) Šaʿara bilbardi. šaʿara feel.PRF.3SG.M bi-l-bard-i with-ART-cold.M-GEN ‘He was cold. (= he felt cold).’ ★ (226) Šaʿara lwaladu bilbardi. šaʿara feel.PRF.3SG.M l-walad-u ART-boy.M-NOM bi-l-bard-i with-ART-cold.M-GEN ‘The boy felt cold.’ ★
PLAY	laʿaba	NNever	1	V.subj[1] 1-nom (148) Laʿabat albintu maʿa ʾaḫīhā. laʿabat play.PRF.3SG.F al-bint-u ART-girl.F-NOM maʿa with ʾaḫ-ī-hā brother.M-GEN-3SG.F ‘The girl played with her brother.’ ★
BE SAD	ḥazīnun	NNever	1	V 1-nom (150) ʾAnā ḥazīnun. ʾanā 1SG ḥazīn-un sad-NOM.IDEF ‘I am sad.’ ★ (239) Alwaladu ḥazīnun. al-walad-u ART-boy.M-NOM ḥazīn-un sad-NOM.IDEF ‘The boy is sad.’ ★ (240) Kāna lwaladu ḥazīnan. kāna be.PRF.3SG.M l-walad-u ART-boy.M-NOM ḥazīn-an sad-ACC.IDEF ‘The boy was sad.’ ★ (241) Sayakūnu lwaladu ḥazīnan. sa-yakūnu FUT-be.IPFV.3SG.M l-walad-u ART-boy.M-NOM ḥazīn-an sad-ACC.IDEF ‘The boy will be sad.’ ★ (242) Laysa lwaladu ḥazīnan. laysa be.NEG.3SG.M l-walad-u ART-boy.M-NOM ḥazīn-an sad-ACC.IDEF ‘The boy is not sad.’ ★
ROLL	tadaḥraǧa	NNever	1	V.subj[1] 1-nom (152) Tadaḥraǧat alkurratu ʿalâ lʾarḍi. tadaḥraǧat roll.II.PRF.3SG.F al-kurrat-u ART-ball.F-NOM ʿalâ on l-ʾarḍ-i ART-ground.F-GEN ‘The ball rolled on the ground.’ ★
SINK	ġariqa	NNever	1	V.subj[1] 1-nom (153) Ġariqat assafīnatu fī lmuḥṭīṭi. ġariqat sink.PRF.3SG.F as-safīnat-u ART-ship.F-NOM fī in l-muḥīṭ-i ART-ocean.M-GEN ‘The ship sank into the ocean.’ ★
BURN	iḥtaraqa	NNever	1	V.subj[1] 1-nom (156) Taḥtariqu ddāru. taḥtariqu burn.VIII.ACAUS.IPFV.3SG.F d-dār-u ART-house.F-NOM ‘The house is burning.’ ★
BE DRY	ǧāffun	NNever	1	V 1-nom (235) Almalābisu ǧāffatun. al-malābis-u ART-dress.F.PL-NOM ǧāff-at-un dry-F-NOM.IDEF ‘The clothes are dry.’ ★ (236) Kānat lmalābisu ǧāffatan. kānat be.PRF.3SG.F l-malābis-u ART-dress.F.PL-NOM ǧāff-at-an dry-F-ACC.IDEF ‘The clothes were dry.’ ★ (237) Satakūnu lmalābisu ǧāffatan. sa-takūnu FUT-be.IPFV.3SG.F l-malābis-u ART-dress.F.PL-NOM ǧāff-at-an dry-F-ACC.IDEF ‘The clothes will be dry.’ ★ (238) Laysat almalābisu ǧāffatan. laysat be.NEG.3SG.F al-malābis-u ART-dress.F.PL-NOM ǧāff-at-an dry-F-ACC.IDEF ‘The clothes are not dry.’ ★
BE A HUNTER	ṣayyādun	NNever	1	V 1-nom (227) Alwaladu ṣayyādun. al-walad-u ART-boy.M-NOM ṣayyād-un hunter.M-NOM.IDEF ‘The boy is a hunter.’ ★ (228) Kāna lwaladu ṣayyādan. kāna be.PRF.3SG.M l-walad-u ART-boy.M-NOM ṣayyād-an hunter.M-ACC.IDEF ‘The boy was a hunter.’ ★ (229) Sayakūnu lwaladu ṣayyādan. sa-yakūnu FUT-be.IPFV.3SG.M l-walad-u ART-boy.M-NOM ṣayyād-an hunter.M-ACC.IDEF ‘The boy will be a hunter.’ ★ (230) Laysa lwaladu ṣayyādan. laysa be.NEG.3SG.M l-walad-u ART-boy.M-NOM ṣayyād-an hunter.M-ACC.IDEF ‘The boy is not a hunter.’ ★
GRIND	ṭaḥana	NNever	3	V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc (bi+3) (159) Ṭaḥanat annisāʾu lbud̠ūra bilmidaqati. ṭaḥanat grind.PRF.3SG.F an-nisāʾ-u ART-women.F.PL-NOM l-bud̠ūr-a ART-seed.M.PL-ACC bi-l-midaqat-i with-ART-pestle.F-GEN ‘The women ground the seeds with the pestle.’ ★
WIPE	masaḥa	NNever	3	V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc (ʿan+3) (160) Masaḥat albintu lwasḥa ʿan aṭṭāwilati. masaḥat wipe.PRF.3SG.F al-bint-u ART-girl.F-NOM l-wasḥ-a ART-dirt.M-ACC ʿan about aṭ-ṭāwilat-i ART-table.F-GEN ‘The girl wiped the dirt from the table.’ ★
DIG	nabaša	NNever	1	V.subj[1] 1-nom (220) Yanbašu lwaladu. yanbašu dig.IPFV.3SG.M l-walad-u ART-boy.M-NOM ‘The boy digs.’ ★
DIG	ḥafara	NNever	1	V.subj[1] 1-nom (219) Yaḥfaru lwaladu. yaḥfaru dig.IPFV.3SG.M l-walad-u ART-boy.M-NOM ‘The boy digs.’ ★
PUSH	daḥara	NNever	3	V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc LOC3 (166) Daḥara lwaladu lbinta fī lburkati. daḥara push.PRF.3SG.M l-walad-u ART-boy.M-NOM l-bint-a ART-girl.F-ACC fī in l-burkat-i ART-lake.F-GEN ‘The boy pushed the girl into the lake.’ ★
BRING	ʾaḥḍara	NNever	3	V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc (ʾilâ+3) (169) ʾaḥḍarat albintu lkitāba ʾilâ lmuʿallimi. ʾaḥḍarat come.IV.CAUS.PRF.3SG.F al-bint-u ART-girl.F-NOM l-kitāb-a ART-book.M-ACC ʾilâ to l-muʿallim-i ART-teacher.M-GEN ‘The girl brought the book to the teacher.’ ★
STEAL	saraqa	NNever	3	V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc (min+3) (170) Saraqa lliṣṣu nnuqūda min almarʾati. saraqa steal.PRF.3SG.M l-liṣṣ-u ART-thief.M-NOM n-nuqūd-a ART-money.F-ACC min from al-marʾat-i ART-woman.F-GEN ‘The thief stole the money from the woman.’ ★
TEACH	ʿallama	NNever	3	V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc 3-acc (172) ʿAllamat almarʾatu lbinta ʾuġniyatan. ʿallamat know.II.CAUS.INT.PRF.3SG.F al-marʾat-u ART-woman.F-NOM l-bint-a ART-girl.F-ACC ʾuġniyat-an song.F-ACC.IDEF ‘The woman taught the girl a song.’ ★
HEAR	samiʿa	RRegularly	2	V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc (177) Samiʿa lwaladu ʾuġniyata ʾummihi. samiʿa hear.PRF.3SG.M l-walad-u ART-boy.M-NOM ʾuġniyat-a song.F-ACC ʾumm-i-hi mother.F-GEN-3SG.M ‘The boy heard the song of his mother.’ ★
COOK	ṭabaḫa	NNever	2	V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc (180) Ṭabaḫat alʾummu ṭaʿāman lad̠īd̠an. ṭabaḫat cook.PRF.3SG.F al-ʾumm-u ART-mother.F-NOM ṭaʿām-an meal.M-ACC.IDEF lad̠īd̠-an delicious-ACC.IDEF ‘The mother cooked a delicious meal.’ ★
CRY	bakâ	NNever	1	V.subj[1] 1-nom (181) Bakat albintu min alʾalami. bakat cry.PRF.3SG.F al-bint-u ART-girl.F-NOM min from al-ʾalam-i ART-pain.M-GEN ‘The girl was crying in pain.’ ★
FALL	saqaṭa	NNever	1	V.subj[1] 1-nom (184) Saqaṭa lwaladu min alǧidāri. saqaṭa fall.PRF.3SG.M l-walad-u ART-boy.M-NOM min from al-ǧidār-i ART-wall.M-GEN ‘The boy fell from the wall.’ ★
WANT	ʾarāda	NNever	2	V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc (186) ʾArāda ṣadīqī ssafara ʾilâ lḫāriǧi. ʾarāda want.IV.PRF.3SG.M ṣadīq-ī friend.M-1SG.NOM s-safar-a ART-trip.M-ACC ʾilâ to l-ḫāriǧ-i ART-abroad.M-GEN ‘My friend wants to go abroad (lit. My friend wants the trip to abroad.).’ ★
APPEAR	ẓahara	NNever	1	V.subj[1] 1-nom (204) Ẓ̣ahara raǧulun ġarībun fī lbābi. ẓahara appear.PRF.3SG.M raǧul-un man.M-NOM.IDEF ġarīb-un strange-NOM.IDEF fī in l-bāb-i ART-door.M-GEN ‘A strange man appeared in the door.’ ★
BE ILL	marīḍun	NNever	1	V 1-nom (243) Albintu marīḍatun. al-bint-u ART-girl.F-NOM marīḍ-at-un sick-F-NOM.IDEF ‘The girl is sick.’ ★ (244) Kānat albintu marīḍatan. kānat be.PRF.3SG.F al-bint-u ART-girl.F-NOM marīḍ-at-an sick-F-ACC.IDEF ‘The girl was sick.’ ★ (245) Satakūnu lbintu marīḍatan. sa-takūnu FUT-be.IPFV.3SG.F l-bint-u ART-girl.F-NOM marīḍ-at-an sick-F-ACC.IDEF ‘The girl will be sick.’ ★ (246) Laysat albintu marīḍatan. laysat be.NEG.3SG.F al-bint-u ART-girl.F-NOM marīḍ-at-an sick-F-ACC.IDEF ‘The girl is not sick.’ ★
MAKE	ṣanaʿa	NNever	3	V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc (min+3) (189) Ṣanaʿa lwaladu ṭāwilatan min alḫašabi. ṣanaʿa make.PRF.3SG.M l-walad-u ART-boy.M-NOM ṭāwilat-an table.F-ACC.IDEF min from al-ḫašab-i ART-wood.M-GEN ‘The boy made a table out of the wood.’ ★
GET	ḥaṣala	NNever	3	V.subj[1] 1-nom ʿalâ+2 min+3 (191) Ḥaṣalat albintu ʿalâ kitābin min ʾummihā. ḥaṣalat recieve.PRF.3SG.F al-bint-u ART-girl.F-NOM ʿalâ on kitāb-in book.M-GEN.IDEF min from ʾumm-i-hā mother.F-GEN-3SG.F ‘The girl got a book from her mother.’ ★
FRIGHTEN	ḫawwafa	NNever	2	V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc (31) Ḫawwafat albintu ṭṭifla. ḫawwafat fear.II.CAUS.INT.PRF.3SG.F al-bint-u ART-girl.F-NOM ṭ-ṭifl-a ART-child.M-ACC ‘The girl scared the child.’ ★
KNOW	ʿalima	RRegularly	2	V.subj[1] 1-nom 2-acc (207) ʿAlimat albintu natāʾiǧa lʾimtiḥāni. ʿalimat know.PRF.3SG.F al-bint-u ART-girl.F-NOM natāʾiǧ-a result.F.PL-ACC l-ʾimtiḥān-i ART-exam.M-GEN ‘The girl knew the results of the exam.’ ★
COME (2)	ǧāʾa	NNever	2	V.subj[1] 1-nom ʾilâ+2 (248) Ǧāʾa lwaladu ʾilâ lbinti. ǧāʾa come.PRF.3SG.M l-walad-u ART-boy.M-NOM ʾilâ to l-bint-i ART-girl.F-GEN ‘The boy came to the girl.’ ★
LEAVE	ġādara (2)	NNever	2	V.subj[1] 1-nom ʾilâ+2 (126) Ġādara lwaladu ʾilâ lʿāsimati. ġādara leave.III.PRF.3SG.M l-walad-u ART-boy.M-NOM ʾilâ to l-ʿāsimat-i ART-capital.F-GEN ‘The boy has gone to the capital.’ ★

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.