e-pakasnu

Coding frame

1 2 3 subj[1].obj[2].V

Complex Verb form

Examples

(201)

Amacihi anakne menokopo menoko monrayke epakasnu.

a=mac-ihi

IND.A=wife-POSS

anak-ne

TOP-COP

menoko-po

woman-DIM

menoko

woman

monrayke

work

e-pakasnu

APPL.INS-teach

‘My wife taught women’s work to (our) daughters.’

★

(202)

Aenepakasnu p ne ruwe ne.

a=en=e-pakasnu

IND.A=1SG.O=APPL.INS-teach

thing

COP

ruwe

INF.EV

COP

‘This is what I have been taught about.’

★

(237)

Aonaha ipakasnu kor okaan.

a=ona-ha

IND.A=father-POSS

i=pakasnu

IND.O=teach

kor

and

oka=an

exist.PL=IND.S

‘My father taught me (like this).’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	TEACH	Coding set	Argument type
1	teacher	subj.V	A
2	teachee	obj.V	P
3	taught content	Ø	X

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Coded?	Examples
C Subject-oriented reciprocal more info	RRegularly	y	(203) Akor hekattar uimak ta uwepakasnu wa, ene aynumotokor hi ye. ‘My children! Over many generations teach to each other about it, tell that (we) have an Ainu origins like this.’ ★
C Anticausative more info	NNever	y
C Noun incorporation more info	MMarginally	y	(204) Nisatta ne oro un isirepakasnu yak pirka. ‘Tomorrow teach me the way there.’ ★
C Object-oriented reciprocal more info	–No data	y
C Dative applicative ko- more info	–No data	y
C Reflexive more info	–No data	y
C Instrumental applicative e- more info	–No data	y
C Antipassive more info	RRegularly	y	(304) Kanpi iyepakasnu kur. ‘A person who teaches to people reading and writing (=a teacher).’ ★
C Locative applicative o- more info	–No data	y
C Direct causative more info	NNever	y

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

e-pakasnu

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples