arpa (SG) / paye (PL)

Coding frame

1 LOC2 subj[1].V

Simplex Verb form

Examples

(141)

Kuca orta arpaan rusuy.

kuca

hunting.cabin

place

LOC

arpa=an

go.SG=IND.S

rusuy

DESID

‘I wanted to go to the hunting cabin.’

★

(143)

Ne wenkur okkaypo eun anakne iteki arpaan yak pirka.

this

wen-kur

be.bad-man

okkay-po

man-DIM

eun

DAT

anak-ne

TOP-COP

iteki

PROH

arpa

go.SG

=an

=IND.S

yak

pirka

be.good

‘You must never go to that young poor man’s place.’

★

(184)

Nisatta tunasno tan kotan wa kuarpa kusne na.

nisat-ta

dawn-LOC

tunas-no

be.early-ADV

tan

this

kotan

village

ABL

ku=arpa

1SG.S=go.SG

kusu-ne

going.to-COP

FIN

‘I will leave this village early tomorrow.’

★

(85)

Payean ciki esiramkir ya?

paye=an

go.PL=IND.S

ciki

e=sir-amkir

2SG.S=ground/world-know

‘Do you remember the way if we were to go there?’

★

(229)

Kamuyoroarpaan ka eaykap korka.

kamuy-or-o-arpa=an

god-place-APPL.LOC-go.SG=IND.S

even

e-aykap

APPL.INS-be.unable.AUX

korka

but

‘I couldn’t even go to the other world. (lit. ‘to the land of gods’).’

★

(230)

Nisatta nepkiepayean kus ne na!

nisat-ta

dawn-LOC

nepki-e-paye=an

work-APPL.INS-go.PL=IND.S

kus

going.to

COP

FIN

‘Let’s go to work tomorrow!’

★

Verb meanings , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	GO	LEAVE	Coding set	Argument type
1	goer	leaver	subj.V	S
2	going goal	left place/person	LOC	L

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Coded?	Examples
C Locative applicative o- more info	RRegularly	y	(142) Arkamuyasi oro aoarpa ruwe ne. ‘(IfＩdie at the place of devil),Ｉwill go to hell (lit. to the place of devil).’ ★
C Instrumental applicative e- more info	RRegularly	y	(144) Kuioroinkar eek ruwe un. ‘I came (here) for sightseeing.’ ★
C Anticausative more info	NNever	y
C Antipassive more info	NNever	y
C Dative applicative ko- more info	RRegularly	y	(317) Iresukamuy ye p enu wa arkuwanno sinrit mosir ekoarpa p ne ruwe ne na. ‘You should listen to what the Fire goddess is saying and go straight ahead to the land of ancestors (said asa requiem for a departed soul).’ ★
C Noun incorporation more info	NNever	y
C Object-oriented reciprocal more info	NNever	y
C Reflexive more info	NNever	y
C Subject-oriented reciprocal more info	NNever	y
C Direct causative more info	RRegularly	y	(33) Seta oyakata eun arpare. ‘(He instructed us to) send him to the dog master.’ ★

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

arpa (SG) / paye (PL)

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples