a (SG) / rok (PL)

Coding frame

1 LOC2 subj[1].V

Simplex Verb form

Examples

(131)

Ne kotan kor nispa oro ta ahunan apa sam ta aan.

this

kotan

village

kor

have

nispa

rich.man

or-o

place-POSS

LOC

ahun=an

enter.SG=IND.S

apa

door

sam

near

LOC

a=an

sit.SG=IND.S

‘I entered the village chief’s house, shaking all over. I sat down near the front door.’

★

(133)

Itukari ta ek hi kusu, mono aan.

i=tukari

IND.O=front

LOC

come.SG

kusu

because

mono

quietly

a=an

sit.SG=IND.S

‘He came right in front of me, so I sat down properly (on the floor).’

★

Verb meanings , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	SIT	SIT DOWN	Coding set	Argument type
1	sitter	sitdowner	subj.V	S
2	sitting place	sitting-down place	LOC	L

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Coded?	Examples
C Instrumental applicative e- more info	RRegularly	y	(132) Kim erok kamuy ne yakka inaw akorpare siri ne kusu. ‘Since I gave inaw-prayer sticks to gods who live in (lit. sit in) the mountains, (please protect me).’ ★
C Anticausative more info	NNever	y
C Antipassive more info	NNever	y
C Dative applicative ko- more info	–No data	y
C Locative applicative o- more info	–No data	y
C Noun incorporation more info	NNever	y
C Object-oriented reciprocal more info	NNever	y
C Reflexive more info	NNever	y
C Subject-oriented reciprocal more info	NNever	y
C Direct causative more info	RRegularly	y	(291) Hekattara pas rok pas rok kor oka kusu rokte wa anu. ‘Children are running around, so sit them down.’ ★

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

a (SG) / rok (PL)

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples