i-mi-re

Coding frame

1 2 subj[1].obj[2].V

Complex Verb form

Examples

(123)

Pon asaha imire kor okaan ruwe ne.

pon

little

a=sa-ha

IND.A=older.sister-POSS

i-mi-re

APASS-wear-CAUS

kor

and

oka=an

exist.PL=IND.S

ruwe

INF.EV

COP

‘(I carried her down, and raised her.) Second older sister dressed(lit. 'made her wear cloths') her and (in this manner) we led our lives.’

★

(227)

Pirkano imi hine.

pirka-no

be.good-ADV

i-mi

APASS-wear

hine

and

‘He/She put on nice clothes.’

★

(228)

Mour mi wa kasi wa amip mi ur mi.

mour

underwear

put.on

and

kas-i

top-POSS

and

amip

clothing

wear

fur.coat

put.on

‘Put on the underwear, on top of that put on the dress (and) put on the fur coat.’

★

(268)

Pirka amip sapte wa imire.

pirka

beautiful

amip

clothing

sap-te

descend.PL-CAUS

and

i=mi-re

IND.O=wear-CAUS

‘(The village chief cut my hair, cleaned my face), brought out beautiful garments and dressed me [in them].’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	DRESS	Coding set	Argument type
1	dresser	subj.V	A
2	dressee	obj.V	P

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Coded?	Examples
C Reflexive more info	RRegularly	y	(124) Sorekusu yayipere yayimire easkay pakno okaan nispa ne rokan kus. ‘We can provide our food and we can provide the things we wear.’ ★
C Anticausative more info	NNever	y
C Antipassive more info	NNever	y
C Dative applicative ko- more info	–No data	y
C Instrumental applicative e- more info	–No data	y
C Locative applicative o- more info	–No data	y
C Noun incorporation more info	NNever	y
C Object-oriented reciprocal more info	–No data	y
C Subject-oriented reciprocal more info	–No data	y
C Direct causative more info	NNever	y

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

i-mi-re

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples