e

Coding frame

1 2 subj[1].obj[2].V

Simplex Verb form

Examples

(118)

Hemanta ee rusuy?

hemanta

what

e=e

2SG.A=eat

rusuy

DESID

‘What do you want to eat?’

★

(121)

Kotanu utar yuk cikoykip uk wa yuk kam uere pe ne.

kotan-u

village-POSS

utar

people

yuk

deer

ci-koyki-p

1PL.EXC.A-catch-NR

take.SG

and

yuk

deer

kam

meat

u-e-re

REC-eat-CAUS

COP

‘Villagers get deer gain and eat deer meat altogether.’

★

(226)

Inne utari turano ukoipean wa yakun po keraan pe ne.

inne

be.many

utar-i

people-POSS

tura-no

COM-ADV

uko-ipe=an

SOC-eat=IND.S

and

yak-un

if-EMP

kera-an

taste-exist.SG

COP

‘When we eat together with many (other) people the food is much more delicious.’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	EAT	Coding set	Argument type
1	eater	subj.V	A
2	eaten food	obj.V	P

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

Filter by type:

Filter by occurrence:

Clear filters

Alternation name	Occurs	Comment	Coded?	Examples
C Antipassive more info	RRegularly	It is not clear why i-p-e <APASS-EP-eat> contains /p/ which I interpret here as an the epenthetic consonant. However, there is little doubt that, at least historically, i- may be traced back to the antipassive prefix.	y	(119) Asaha suke hine ipean pa ruwe ne. ‘Older sister had prepared dinner, so we ate dinner.’ ★
C Subject-oriented reciprocal more info	RRegularly		y	(120) Ue. ‘Practice cannibalism.’ ★
C Dative applicative ko- more info	RRegularly		y	(122) Nep ka ae ka akoe ka somo ki no. ‘Whatever I ate, I ate it without (a side dish).’ ★
C Reflexive more info	–No data		y
C Anticausative more info	NNever		y
C Locative applicative o- more info	–No data		y
C Noun incorporation more info	–No data		y
C Instrumental applicative e- more info	–No data		y
C Object-oriented reciprocal more info	–No data		y
C Direct causative more info	RRegularly		y	(250) Umma kere kus ne. ‘I'm going to feed it to my horse.’ ★

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

e

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples