inkar

Coding frame

1 2+un subj[1].V

Complex Verb form

Example

(89)

Ni ka un inkar wa inukar.

ni

tree/wood

ka

top

un

ALL

inkar

look

wa

and

i=nukar

IND.O=see

‘The pup looked up at the tree and then looked at me.’

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	LOOK AT	Coding set	Argument type
1	looker	subj.V	S
2	looked at entity	NP+un	X

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

Filter by type:

Filter by occurrence:

Alternation name	Occurs	Comment	Coded?	Derived Coding frame	Examples
C Locative applicative o- more info	RRegularly		y		(90) Ponpetteksama aoinkar kor pon pet etoko un arpaan. ‘As I looked at the side of (this) little river, I went to the source of (this) little river.’ ★
C Dative applicative ko- more info	RRegularly		y		(91) Wakkaus kamuy ratcitara payekaas kuni enkoinkar yan! ‘Water goddess! Please please protect us in our trip!’ ★
C Instrumental applicative e- more info	RRegularly		y		(253) Einkarpe pon nociw ne cewsamkur unuunu. ‘His eyes (lit. 'the things (which) (he) looks with') are glittering like stars.’ ★
C Anticausative more info	NNever		y
C Noun incorporation more info	NNever		y
C Object-oriented reciprocal more info	NNever		y
C Reflexive more info	NNever		y
C Subject-oriented reciprocal more info	NNever		y
C Antipassive more info	NNever		y
C Direct causative more info	–No data		y