e-ko-itak

Coding frame

1 2 3 subj[1].obj[2].V

Complex Verb form

Examples

(81)

Sekor okay pe nesi iekoytak.

sekor

QUOT

okay

exist.PL

nesi

really

i=e-ko-itak

IND.O=APPL.INS-APPL.DAT-say/talk

‘He really talked to me about these matters.’

★

(82)

Iramante oruspe sorekusu aeukoytak pa.

iramante

hunt

oruspe

story

sorekusu

especially

a=e-u-ko-itak

IND.A=APPL.INS-REC-APPL.DAT-say/talk

‘(At night, we would gather and) and talk about hunting and other things.’

★

(223)

Tan ponmenoko ene wa itakan ciki e=nu katu an na.

tan

this

pon-menoko

young-woman

e=ne

2SG.A=COP

and

itak=an

say/talk=IND.S

ciki

e=nu

2SG.A=hear

katu

COMP

exist.SG

FIN

‘Young girl, listen well to what I have to say.’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	TALK	Coding set	Argument type
1	talker	subj.V	A
2	talked to person	obj.V	P
3	talked about content	Ø	X

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Coded?
C Subject-oriented reciprocal more info	RRegularly	y
C Anticausative more info	NNever	y
C Antipassive more info	–No data	y
C Dative applicative ko- more info	NNever	y
C Instrumental applicative e- more info	NNever	y
C Locative applicative o- more info	NNever	y
C Noun incorporation more info	–No data	y
C Object-oriented reciprocal more info	–No data	y
C Reflexive more info	–No data	y
C Direct causative more info	NNever	y

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

e-ko-itak

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples