ko-tak

Coding frame

1 2 3 subj[1].obj[2].V

Complex Verb form

Examples

(79)

Ataye aenkotak kor kan.

atay-e

payment-POSS

a=en=ko-tak

IND.A=1SG.O=APPL.DAT-call/invite/get

kor

and

k=an

1SG.S=exist.SG

‘They are asking me for the payment (lit. 'the payment for (it)' as is expressed by the possessive marking).’

★

(339)

Sake kor pa kor i=tak kusu arki pa.

sake

wine

kor

have

kor

and

i=tak

INS.O=call/invite/get

kusu

for

arki

come.PL

‘Each time they got a hold of some wine, they came to invite me.’

★

(340)

Coypep hoppa pa p anakne suy tak pa kunak ye.

coypep

dish

hoppa

leave

anak-ne

TOP-COP

suy

again

tak

call/invite/get

kunak

COMP

say

‘(The regular folks said that they would) come back for the remaining dishes later.’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	ASK FOR	Coding set	Argument type
1	asker	subj.V	A
2	askee	obj.V	P
3	requested thing	Ø	X

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Coded?	Examples
C Reflexive more info	MMarginally	y	(80) Piskan kotan oro un nispa utar rametok utar sikotak ranke ronno wa isam. ‘Each time he invited to his place (lit. to him) rich men and brave men from surounding villages, he killed them.’ ★
C Anticausative more info	NNever	y
C Antipassive more info	–No data	y
C Dative applicative ko- more info	NNever	y
C Instrumental applicative e- more info	–No data	y
C Locative applicative o- more info	NNever	y
C Noun incorporation more info	–No data	y
C Object-oriented reciprocal more info	–No data	y
C Subject-oriented reciprocal more info	–No data	y
C Direct causative more info	–No data	y

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

ko-tak

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples