ray-ke (SG) / ronnu (PL)

Coding frame

1 2 (3+ani) subj[1].obj[2].V

Complex Verb form

Examples

(61)

Emus hene tasiro hene ruyke wa, ani (aresu cape) rayke.

emus

sword

hene

also

tasiro

knife

hene

also

ruyke

sharpen

and

ani

INST

a=resu

IND.A=raise

cape

cat

ray-ke

die-CAUS

‘Sharpen your sword and your mountain knife, and kill the cat (that we used to have) with them.’

★

(58)

Ne hekattar aukokikkik aukoronnu anki yaynuan a korka.

this

hekattar

children

a=uko-kik-kik

IND.A=SOC-beat-beat

a=uko-ronnu

IND.A=SOC-kill.PL

anki

be.close.to

yay-nu=an

REFL-hear=IND.S

PERF.SG

korka

but

‘I thought I was close to smashing and killing these children altogether.’

★

(63)

Aiukorayke.

a=i=uko-ray-ke

IND.A=IND.O=SOC-die-CAUS

‘(I felt) I will be killed (by my siblings and parents).’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	KILL	Coding set	Argument type
1	killer	subj.V	A
2	killee	obj.V	P
3	killing instrument	NP+ani	I

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Coded?	Examples
C Subject-oriented reciprocal more info	RRegularly	y	(62) Tumikor wa urayke. ‘Fight and kill each other.’ ★
C Reflexive more info	RRegularly	y	(64) Yayrayke. ‘Kill oneself. / He/she killed himself/herself.’ ★
C Anticausative more info	NNever	y
C Antipassive more info	–No data	y
C Dative applicative ko- more info	–No data	y
C Locative applicative o- more info	–No data	y
C Noun incorporation more info	NNever	y
C Instrumental applicative e- more info	–No data	y
C Object-oriented reciprocal more info	NNever	y
C Direct causative more info	NNever	y

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

ray-ke (SG) / ronnu (PL)

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples