kik-kik

Coding frame

1 2 (3+ani) subj[1].obj[2].V

Simplex Verb form

Examples

(56)

Aynu utar cep ronnu kor munin cikuni ani kikkikpa.

aynu

human/Ainu

utar

cep

fish

ronnu

kill.PL

kor

while

munin

be.rotten

cikuni

tree

ani

INST

kik-kik-pa

hit-hit-PL

‘To kill fish the Ainu hit it repeatedly with a piece of rotten wood.’

★

(57)

Mimtuci ukokikkik hine rayke ruwe ene an hi ne.

mimtuci

mermaid

uko-kik-kik

SOC-beat-beat

hine

and

ray-ke

die-CAUS

ruwe

INF.EV

ene

like.this

exist.SG

COP

‘They have beaten the mermaid altogether and killed him.’

★

(58)

Ne hekattar aukokikkik aukoronnu anki yaynuan a korka.

this

hekattar

children

a=uko-kik-kik

IND.A=SOC-beat-beat

a=uko-ronnu

IND.A=SOC-kill.PL

anki

be.close.to

yay-nu=an

REFL-hear=IND.S

PERF.SG

korka

but

‘I thought I was close to smashing and killing these children altogether.’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	BEAT	Coding set	Argument type
1	beater	subj.V	A
2	beatee	obj.V	P
3	beating instrument	NP+ani	I

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Comment	Coded?	Examples
C Instrumental applicative e- more info	RRegularly		y	(59) Anteke ni anekikkik. ‘I repeatedly struck my hand on the tree (because I killed my brothers).’ ★
C Reflexive more info	RRegularly		y	(60) Yaykikkikan hopunpaan hine. ‘I hit myself repeatedly and jumped.’ ★
C Anticausative more info	NNever		y
C Antipassive more info	–No data		y
C Dative applicative ko- more info	–No data		y
C Locative applicative o- more info	–No data		y
C Noun incorporation more info	RRegularly		y	(221) Eenikikkik ki kunihi. ‘He is going to hit you repeatedly by a tree.’ ★
C Object-oriented reciprocal more info	RRegularly	only with the meaning of joining sth/sb together (u-)	y	(220) Tek uwekikkik wa onkami. ‘Having clapped their hands, they pray.’ ★
C Subject-oriented reciprocal more info	–No data		y
C Direct causative more info	NNever		y

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

kik-kik

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples