nukar-e

Coding frame

1 2 3 subj[1].obj[2].V

Complex Verb form

Examples

(39)

Mokor uske ecinukare kusne na.

mokor

sleep

usi-ke

place-POSS

eci=nukar-e

1SG.A+2SG.O=see-CAUS

kusu-ne

going.to-COP

FIN

‘I will show you the bed.’

★

(40)

Apoutari aacautari anukare somo ki yak wen kusu ...

a=po-utar-i

IND.A=child-PL-POSS

a=aca-utar-i

IND.A=uncle-PL-POSS

a=nukar-e

IND.A=see-CAUS

somo

NEG

do.AUX

yak

wen

be.bad

kusu

because

‘We had to show our children to uncles, so...’

★

(41)

Kamuy ka neno ainukare, eani ka neno ainukare ruwe ne na.

kamuy

god

also

ne-no

COP-ADV

a=i=nukar-e

IND.A=IND.O=see-CAUS

eani

2SG

also

ne-no

COP-ADV

a=i=nukar-e

IND.A=IND.O=see-CAUS

ruwe

INF.EV

COP

FIN

‘(I did not swallow snakes.) I have just shown myself like this to the gods, I have shown myself like this to you.’

★

Verb meaning , Microroles , Coding sets

Coding set

A coding set is the coding means of an argument. If the argument is only flagged (coded by an adposition or case), its coding set consists of the flag. If it is only indexed, the coding set consist of the index-series (e.g. subject marking). If it is both flagged and indexed, it consists of both flag and index-series.

and Argument types

Argument type

Arguments are classified into cross-linguistic argument types: A (argument coded like the 'breaker' of 'break'), P (argument coded like the 'broken thing' of 'break'), S (sole argument of a verb that lacks A and P), I (argument coded like the instrument of 'cut'), L (coded like the sitting location of 'sit'), and X (all others).

#	SHOW	Coding set	Argument type
1	shower	subj.V	A
2	showing addressee	obj.V	P
3	shown thing	Ø	X

Alternations

Alternation

A valency alternation is defined as a set of two different coding frames that are productively (or at least regularly) associated with both members of a set of verb pairs sharing the same verb stem. Alternations may be coded (marked by an affix on the verb, or by an auxiliary, like the English Passive) or uncoded (like the English Dative alternation).

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Alternation name	Occurs	Comment	Coded?	Examples
C Subject-oriented reciprocal more info	RRegularly		y	(42) Anna huci matanpusi unukare. ‘Anna and granny showed each other their headbands.’ ★
C Noun incorporation more info	MMarginally		y	(43) Iteki sikunnukare! ‘Don't show me to him (lit. Don't let him see my appearance!)!’ ★
C Reflexive more info	RRegularly	Prefix si-. Reflexive-causative (also used as an anticausative marker). Valency-reducing. Object-deleting.	y	(44) Paycar sey kuytop sinukare wa kinno. ‘In March, the shell fish wanted to show itself to the wild goose and got fat.’ ★ (45) Okikurmi aynu pito esinukare ki rok oka? ‘Have you shown your nude body (lit. yourself) to the human god Okikurmi?’ ★
C Antipassive more info	–No data		y
C Dative applicative ko- more info	–No data		y
C Instrumental applicative e- more info	NNever		y
C Locative applicative o- more info	NNever		y
C Object-oriented reciprocal more info	–No data		y
C Anticausative more info	NNever		y
C Direct causative more info	NNever		y

			*Valency Patterns Leipzig online database* is edited by Hartmann, Iren & Haspelmath, Martin & Taylor, Bradley and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

nukar-e

Coding frame × Coding frame The coding frame of a verb contains the information about the way its arguments are coded, either flagged (by adpositions and case-markers on the arguments) or indexed (by person-markers on the verb).

Examples × Example Glossed examples illustrate verbs, coding frames, and alternations.

Coding frame

Examples